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Overview

An innovative narrative approach combines history, politics, and legal doctrine to explore the origin and evolution of Americans' constitutional right to free speech.

In a field dominated by jargon-filled texts and march-of-progress treatments, this book presents an insightful introduction to freedom of speech, skillfully blending legal analysis with accounts of how staunchly contested historical, political, and cultural issues often influenced legal reasoning.

The volume traces the origins of the freedom in English law and its development through the founding of the United States, and examines how the unique struggles of 19th century Americans over such issues as political parties, slavery, women's rights, and economic inequality transformed this traditional English right into a distinctively American one. The book outlines the ways in which the U.S. Supreme Court became the prime interpreter of the meaning of free speech and introduces readers to current court rulings on the First Amendment. It also speculates about the political and legal developments likely to emerge in the new century.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781576076002
Publisher: Bloomsbury Academic
Publication date: 03/19/2003
Series: America's Freedoms Series
Pages: 395
Product dimensions: 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.13(d)
Age Range: 12 - 18 Years

About the Author

Ken I. Kersch is assistant professor of politics at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.

Table of Contents

Series Forewordxv
Prefacexxv
1Introduction1
Institutional Protections for the Freedom of Speech6
Why Free Speech? First Amendment Theory13
Pro-Free Speech Arguments16
Anti-Free Speech Arguments26
Free Speech Today31
References and Further Reading36
2Origins and Early Development41
The Regulation of Speech under English Common Law47
Continuity and Change in the Colonies and Early American Law50
Founding Worries57
Speech in the Early National Era58
"Fighting Words": The Duel in the Early United States70
The Main Currents of the Law of Speech in the Nineteenth-Century United States72
Robust Parties, Antislavery Agitation, and Speech in the United States75
Freedom and Civil War82
Post-Civil War Doctrine: Thomas Cooley's Treatise and Free Speech84
The Eclipse of Privacy and Rise of Obscenity88
References and Further Reading93
3The Twentieth Century97
Free Speech as Bohemian Fashion99
Political Radicalism Prior to World War I102
The IWW Free Speech Fights106
The Birth Control Movement and Free Speech109
World War I, Free Speech, and the Supreme Court111
The Birth of Modern Free Speech Law: Schenck, Abrams, Debs, and Frohwerk114
Incorporation, the Red Scare, and the Rise of the Supreme Court as the Preeminent Authority on Free Speech Rights119
Speech and the U.S. Worker122
The Jehovah's Witnesses and the Development of the Public Forum Doctrine125
Monitoring the Movies: The Legion of Decency and the Hays Commission129
Welcoming Sexual Speech131
The Threat and Fear of Communism135
The Social Movements of the 1950s and 1960s142
Late-Century Progressive Attacks on Free Speech151
Doctrine and Issues at Century's End153
References and Further Reading157
4The Future of the Freedom of Speech161
The Return of the Dangers of Radical Political Speech162
Government Largesse and the Freedom of Speech165
The Campaign Finance Controversy: Bribery or Constitutionally Protected Political Speech?169
Private Power, Technology, and the Freedom of Speech171
The New Public Health Censorship and the Continuing Progressive Political Correctness Campaign176
Globalization: Political Correctness by Other Means?178
Conclusion180
References and Further Reading181
5Key People, Cases, and Events183
6Documents235
Peter Wentworth, Speech on the Liberties of the Commons (1576)235
John Milton, Areopagitica (1644)236
John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, "Of Freedom of Speech,"238
Benjamin Franklin, "An Apology for Printers," Philadelphia Gazette (June 10, 1731)241
Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Book 12, Chapters 12-13 (1748)243
John Wilkes, The North Briton no. 45 (April 25, 1763)244
William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book 4, Paragraph 13 (1769)245
Publius [Alexander Hamilton], Federalist Paper no. 84 (1787)246
U.S. Constitution (1787)253
Sedition Act (1798)254
Letter, John Marshall to a Freeholder (1798)255
James Madison, Report on the Virginia Resolution (1800)256
Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, Washington, D.C. (March 4, 1801)259
St. George Tucker, editor, Blackstone's Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws of the Federal Government of the United States; and of the Commonwealth of Virginia (1803)260
Alexander Hamilton's Speech in Harry Croswell's Case (1804)261
Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (1833)262
Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. 243 (1833)263
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1833)264
"Gag Rule," U.S. House of Representatives (1836)265
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859)266
Fourteenth Amendment, U.S. Constitution, Section 1 (1868)272
Thomas M. Cooley, A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations Which Rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union (1868)272
Theodore Schroeder, Liberty of Conscience, Speech, and Press (1906)273
Emma Goldman, "Syndicalism: Its Theory and Practice," Mother Earth (January-February 1913)279
Espionage Act (of 1917, as Amended by the Sedition Act of 1918)283
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten, 244 Fed. 535 (S.D.N.Y. 1917)283
Zechariah Chafee Jr., from The New Republic (1918)285
California Criminal Anarchy Statute (Cal. Pen. Code, Sec. 403a 1919)286
Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919)286
Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919)287
A. Mitchell Palmer, "The Case against the Reds," Forum 63 (1920): 173-185289
Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925)292
Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927)294
Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association of America, Motion Picture Production Code (Hays Code), Statement of General Principles (January 1931)296
Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937)296
Carolene Products Co. v. United States, 304 U.S. 144 (1938)297
Lovell v. City of Griffin, 303 U.S. 444 (1938)298
Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940)299
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940)300
The Alien Registration Act (1940) (Smith Act)301
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, State of the Union Address ("Four Freedoms" Speech) (January 6, 1941)302
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942)303
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. (1943)304
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (December 10, 1948)305
Kovacs v. Cooper, 336 U.S. 77 (1949)306
Speech by Senator Joseph McCarthy, Wheeling, West Virginia (February 9, 1950)308
Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951)310
Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250 (1952)312
Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957)315
Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957)316
NAACP v. Alabama, 357 U.S. 449 (1958)317
New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)317
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (December 16, 1966)318
Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966)319
Herbert Marcuse, "Repressive Tolerance" (and Postscript) (1969)320
Tinker v. Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503 (1969)323
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969)325
Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971)328
Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973)329
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)330
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978)332
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (December 18, 1979)335
Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989)336
Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991)337
R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992)339
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819 (1995)340
44 Liquormart v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484 (1996)342
Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997)344
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, 524 U.S. 569 (1998)346
Chronology349
Table of Cases361
Bibliography365
Index371
About the Author395
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