Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Preface to New Edition
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
Paul Ekman
2. Facial Expression of Emotion in Nonhuman Primates
Suzanne Chevalier-Skolnikoff
Introduction
Darwin's Findings
The Current State of Knowledge on Facial Expressions in Nonhuman Primates
The Nervous System: Its Evolution and Its Role in the Production of Facial Expression
The Muscular Anatomy: The Evolution of Facial Muscles and Facial Expressions
Conclusions
References
3. Facial Expressions of Infants and Children
William R. Charlesworth and Mary Anne Kreutzer
Introduction
Darwin's Contributions to Our Understanding of Infant and Children Expressions
Darwin's Observations of Infants
Darwin's Observations of Children
Darwin's Conclusions
Post-Darwinian Studies of Infants' Facial Expressions
The Infant's Recognition of Expressions
Concluding Remarks on Infant Expressions
Post-Darwinian Studies of Children's Facial Expressions
Remarks on Methodology and Substantive Gaps in Studying Children's Expressions
The Child's Recognition of Expressions
General Remarks on Recognition of Expression
Absence and Presence of Opportunities to Learn Facial Expressions
General Remarks on Absence and Presence of Opportunity
Conclusions
References
4. Cross-Cultural Studies of Facial Expression
Paul Ekman
Introduction
Darwin's View and His Evidence on Universality
Theorists of the Culture-Specific View
How to Study Facial Expression across Cultures
The Evidence
Attempts to Prove the Culture-Specific Hypothesis
Attempts to Demonstrate Universality
Conclusion
References
5. Darwin and the Representative Expression of Reality
Lewis Petrinovich
Natural Philosophy Prior to Darwin
Darwin's Writings
Darwin's Major Contributions
The Essential Breakthrough in "The Origin of Species"
Probabilistic Functionalism
Representative Design
Ethology
"The Expression of the Emotions"
References
6. Conclusion
Paul Ekman
Epilogue
Paul Ekman
Author Index
Subject Index
