The New Testament, a central text for Christianity, emerged in a specific historical context that significantly shaped its content and themes. Written in the first century CE, it reflects the cultural, religious, and political milieu of the time. The backdrop includes the Roman Empire's dominance, which influenced the social and economic conditions in Judea and beyond. The Pax Romana enabled the spread of ideas and trade, creating a fertile ground for the new faith's growth. Understanding this context is crucial to grasping the New Testament's messages, particularly as they relate to the lives and missions of the twelve apostles.

During this period, Judaism was experiencing significant internal diversity. Various sects, such as the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes, held differing interpretations of Scripture and religious practice. This fragmentation created an environment ripe for new interpretations of faith. The apostles, many of whom were Jews, were influenced by these theological debates. Their teachings often addressed the concerns of their contemporaries, reflecting the urgency of their mission to spread the gospel. As they preached about the coming of the Kingdom of God, they engaged with the prevailing Jewish thought while also introducing radical new ideas that would eventually define Christianity.