Table of Contents

I. Refining Z Specifications.- 1. An Introduction to Z.- 2. Simple Refinement.- 3. Data Refinement and Simulations.- 4. Refinement in Z.- 5. Calculating Refinements.- 6. Promotion.- 7. Testing and Refinement.- 8. A Single Simulation Rule.- II. Interfaces and Operations: ADTs Viewed in an Environment.- 9. Refinement, Observation and Modification.- 10. IO Refinement.- 11. Weak Refinement.- 12. Non-Atomic Refinement.- 13. Case Study: A Digital and Analogue Watch.- 14. Further Generalisations.- III. Object-Oriented Refinement.- 15. An Introduction to Object-Z.- 16. Refinement in Object-Z.- 17. Class Refinement.- IV. Modelling State and Behaviour.- 18. Combining CSF and Object-Z.- 19. Refining CSP and Object-Z Specifications.- 20. Conclusions.- Glossary of Notation.