Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Chapter 1 Coastal Challenges 1
State of the coasts 2
Drivers for environmental change 2
The ocean commissions 7
Management goals and processes 9
Organization of the book 11
Chapter 2 Policy Process 13
Problems 15
Solutions 16
Selection 18
Implementation 24
Evaluation 25
Summary 28
Chapter 3 Wastewater 30
Sewage and disease: A problem 30
Sewage treatment: A solution 31
Making treatment a requirement: Selection and implementation 37
Did sewage treatment work? Evaluation 39
Unfinished business 40
Sector-based management 41
Summary 42
Chapter 4 Oil 43
Oil resources: Origins and importance 43
Oil drilling technology 45
Environmental and social impacts of offshore oil 50
Law 56
The seaweed rebellion 61
Summary 64
Chapter 5 Dredging 66
The growth of shipping 66
Dredging processes 68
Environmental impacts 70
Law of dredging and disposal 71
Regulating the disposal of contaminated sediments 78
Gridlock 79
Enduring change? 82
Summary 84
Chapter 6 Wetlands 87
The nature of coastal wetlands 87
The value of coastal wetlands 89
Uses and consequences 92
"No net loss"-a goal 95
One wetland resource-multiple agencies 96
Management practices 98
The coastal wetland program assessed 100
Summary 102
Chapter 7 Managing Coastal and Ocean Spaces 104
Uses of coastal lands and waters 105
Conflicts 107
The Coastal Zone Management Act 108
Other space-based coastal management programs 115
Spatial management techniques 116
Evaluation of state programs 119
Spatial planning and management of ocean waters 121
Summary 122
Chapter 8 Ecosystem Governance 124
Nitrogen links among land/sea and society/nature 125
Ecosystem-based management in concept 129
Degree of change 131
Policy elements 132
Incremental change: Marine sanctuaries 135
Fundamental change: Ecosystem services 138
Summary 142
Chapter 9 Watersheds and Bays 143
Evolution of river basin management 143
River/watershed management: An agency profile 148
Managing the landscape to preserve/restore bays 150
Watershed management for the Chesapeake Bay 152
Ecosystem management for watersheds and bays 157
Summary 161
Chapter 10 Fisheries 163
Expansion of U.S. fisheries 163
Biological limits to the fishery 165
Fisheries management 168
The councils 172
Fisheries management as ecosystem governance 173
Incremental change 177
Fundamental change 180
Who decides? 181
Summary 183
Chapter 11 Conclusion 185
Ends and means 186
Sector-based management 187
Spatial management 188
Ecosystem-based management 189
Change 192
Questions for Discussion 193
References 199
Further Reading 215
Glossary 219
Index 233
