| Preface | xiii |
| Acknowledgments | xv |
| List of Acronyms | xvii |
| Chapter 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| 1.1 | The Image Chain | 1 |
| 1.2 | The Display as a System | 5 |
| 1.3 | Characterizing Quality | 6 |
| 1.4 | Reader Road Map | 7 |
| References | 8 |
| Chapter 2 | Measurement of Light and Color | 11 |
| 2.1 | Light Measures | 11 |
| 2.2 | Light Measurement | 15 |
| 2.3 | Color Measures | 17 |
| 2.4 | Color Measurement | 26 |
| 2.5 | Summary | 26 |
| References | 27 |
| Chapter 3 | Electronic Display Operation | 29 |
| 3.1 | Display Types | 29 |
| 3.2 | Display Controller | 31 |
| 3.3 | CRT Operation--Monochrome | 34 |
| 3.4 | CRT Operation--Color | 40 |
| 3.5 | The AMLCD | 41 |
| 3.6 | Plasma Displays | 43 |
| 3.7 | Display Controls | 44 |
| 3.7.1 | Luminance controls | 44 |
| 3.7.2 | Geometry controls | 46 |
| 3.7.3 | Color controls | 48 |
| 3.8 | Summary | 49 |
| References | 50 |
| Chapter 4 | Physical Display Quality Measures | 53 |
| 4.1 | Resolution Measures | 54 |
| 4.1.1 | Addressability and screen size | 54 |
| 4.1.2 | Pixel density and size | 55 |
| 4.1.3 | Pixel subtense | 57 |
| 4.1.4 | Resolution-addressability ratio | 59 |
| 4.1.5 | Edge sharpness | 59 |
| 4.1.6 | Contrast modulation | 60 |
| 4.1.7 | Raster modulation | 62 |
| 4.1.8 | Modulation transfer function | 63 |
| 4.1.9 | Bandwidth | 64 |
| 4.2 | Contrast Measures | 64 |
| 4.2.1 | Bit depth | 64 |
| 4.2.2 | Dynamic range | 66 |
| 4.2.3 | Gamma | 66 |
| 4.2.4 | Input/output function | 67 |
| 4.2.5 | Halation | 67 |
| 4.2.6 | Reflectance and transmittance | 68 |
| 4.2.7 | Luminance stability | 69 |
| 4.2.8 | Luminance and color uniformity | 69 |
| 4.2.9 | Gamut | 70 |
| 4.2.10 | Viewing angle | 71 |
| 4.3 | Noise Measures | 71 |
| 4.3.1 | Signal-to-noise ratio | 71 |
| 4.3.2 | Noise power spectrum, noise-equivalent quanta, and detective quantum efficiency | 73 |
| 4.3.3 | Jitter, swim, and drift | 74 |
| 4.3.4 | Refresh rate and flicker | 74 |
| 4.3.5 | Warm-up and aging | 74 |
| 4.4 | Artifacts and Distortions | 74 |
| 4.5 | Categorization by Measurement Domain | 77 |
| 4.6 | Summary | 79 |
| References | 79 |
| Chapter 5 | Perceptual Quality and Utility Measures | 81 |
| 5.1 | Subjective Quality Ratings | 83 |
| 5.2 | Subjective Performance (Utility) Estimates | 84 |
| 5.3 | National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale | 85 |
| 5.4 | Objective Perceptual Quality Measures | 87 |
| 5.4.1 | Briggs target | 89 |
| 5.4.2 | Briggs vs. NIIRS | 95 |
| 5.5 | Objective Performance (Utility) Measurement | 96 |
| 5.5.1 | Theory of signal detection | 99 |
| 5.5.2 | Time measures | 102 |
| 5.6 | Summary | 102 |
| References | 102 |
| Chapter 6 | Performance of the Human Visual System | 105 |
| 6.1 | Physiology of the HVS | 105 |
| 6.2 | Visual Performance | 111 |
| 6.2.1 | Separable acuity | 111 |
| 6.2.2 | Stereo acuity | 117 |
| 6.2.3 | Color vision performance | 117 |
| 6.3 | Individual Differences | 119 |
| 6.4 | Models of Visual Performance | 124 |
| 6.4.1 | Monochrome (luminance) models | 124 |
| 6.4.2 | Color models | 133 |
| 6.5 | Summary | 134 |
| References | 134 |
| Chapter 7 | Contrast Performance Requirements | 137 |
| 7.1 | Performance Requirements | 137 |
| 7.2 | Measurement Definition | 138 |
| 7.3 | Requirement Rationale | 139 |
| 7.4 | Instrument Measurement | 148 |
| 7.4.1 | Initial setup | 149 |
| 7.4.2 | Dynamic range | 149 |
| 7.4.3 | Lmax | 150 |
| 7.4.4 | Input/output function | 150 |
| 7.4.5 | Luminance uniformity | 150 |
| 7.4.6 | Viewing angle threshold | 152 |
| 7.4.7 | Halation | 153 |
| 7.4.8 | Bit depth | 153 |
| 7.4.9 | Color temperature | 154 |
| 7.4.10 | Color uniformity | 155 |
| 7.5 | Measurement Alternatives | 155 |
| 7.6 | Summary | 158 |
| References | 158 |
| Chapter 8 | Size and Resolution Performance Requirements | 161 |
| 8.1 | Performance Requirements | 161 |
| 8.2 | Measurement Definition | 162 |
| 8.3 | Requirement Rationale | 162 |
| 8.4 | Instrument Measurement | 170 |
| 8.4.1 | Screen size (diagonal) | 170 |
| 8.4.2 | Screen aspect ratio | 170 |
| 8.4.3 | Pixel aspect ratio | 170 |
| 8.4.4 | Addressability | 171 |
| 8.4.5 | Pixel density | 171 |
| 8.4.6 | Contrast modulation--Zone A | 172 |
| 8.4.7 | Contrast modulation--Zone B | 172 |
| 8.5 | Measurement Alternatives | 173 |
| 8.6 | Summary | 178 |
| References | 178 |
| Chapter 9 | Noise, Artifact, and Distortion Performance Requirements | 181 |
| 9.1 | Performance Requirements | 181 |
| 9.2 | Measurement Definition | 181 |
| 9.3 | Requirement Rationale | 183 |
| 9.4 | Instrument Measurement | 188 |
| 9.4.1 | Warm-up time | 188 |
| 9.4.2 | Scan rate | 189 |
| 9.4.3 | Jitter, swim, and drift | 189 |
| 9.4.4 | Macro and micro jitter | 190 |
| 9.4.5 | Luminance step response | 190 |
| 9.4.6 | Moire | 191 |
| 9.4.7 | Extinction ratio | 192 |
| 9.4.8 | Mura and other artifacts | 192 |
| 9.4.9 | Pixel defects | 193 |
| 9.4.10 | Signal-to-noise ratio | 193 |
| 9.4.11 | Straightness (waviness) | 193 |
| 9.4.12 | Linearity | 194 |
| 9.5 | Measurement Alternatives | 194 |
| 9.6 | Summary | 197 |
| References | 197 |
| Chapter 10 | Monitor Selection and Setup | 199 |
| 10.1 | Monitor and Video Controller Selection | 199 |
| 10.2 | Monitor Setup | 203 |
| 10.2.1 | Monitor connection and setup | 203 |
| 10.2.2 | Controlling the monitor environment | 204 |
| 10.2.3 | Monitor calibration | 209 |
| 10.2.4 | Perceptual linearization | 210 |
| 10.3 | Display Maintenance | 214 |
| 10.4 | Summary | 216 |
| References | 216 |
| Chapter 11 | Pixel Processing | 219 |
| 11.1 | Pixel Intensity Transforms | 219 |
| 11.1.1 | Dynamic range adjustment | 219 |
| 11.1.2 | Tonal transfer adjustment/correction | 220 |
| 11.1.3 | Color transforms | 223 |
| 11.2 | Spatial Filtering | 224 |
| 11.3 | Geometric Transforms | 227 |
| 11.4 | Bandwidth Compression and Expansion | 229 |
| 11.5 | Sequence of Operations | 233 |
| 11.6 | Summary | 234 |
| References | 234 |
| Chapter 12 | Digitizers, Printers, and Projectors | 237 |
| 12.1 | Digitizers | 237 |
| 12.1.1 | Digitizer operation | 237 |
| 12.1.2 | Digitizer image quality and device selection | 239 |
| 12.1.3 | Digitizing procedures | 243 |
| 12.2 | Printers | 248 |
| 12.2.1 | Printer operation | 249 |
| 12.2.2 | Printer quality and selection | 249 |
| 12.2.3 | Printing procedures | 254 |
| 12.3 | Projection Displays | 258 |
| 12.4 | Summary | 259 |
| References | 259 |
| Appendix | Test Targets | 261 |
| Index | 265 |
