| Introduction | xiii |
Part 1 | Narrative | |
I | Roman Britain | |
1 | Britain in 350 | 1 |
2 | The Ending of the Western Empire | 10 |
| Rebellion 350-353 | 10 |
| Christian Dissent 350-361 | 12 |
| Imperial Recovery 361-375 | 14 |
| Huns and Goths 375-400 | 19 |
| The Fall of the West 400-410 | 21 |
| Christian Reform 361-400 | 23 |
3 | Independent Britain: The Evidence | 29 |
| The Sources; Archaeology | 30 |
| Texts | 35 |
| Gildas' Narrative | 35 |
| Nennius | 37 |
| Dates | 37 |
| Bede | 39 |
| Words | 41 |
4 | Independent Britain: Vortigern | 44 |
| Civil Government | 44 |
| The Army | 49 |
| Vortigern | 55 |
| Picts and Saxons | 56 |
| The Irish | 62 |
| Cunedda | 66 |
| The Cornovii | 68 |
| Vortigern's success | 70 |
5 | The Overthrow of Britain | 71 |
| Civil War | 71 |
| The first Saxon revolt | 75 |
| Counter-attack | 80 |
| Massacre and Migration | 84 |
| The Great Raid | 84 |
II | The Empire of Arthur | |
6 | The War | 87 |
| Britain and Europe in the 460s | 88 |
| Britain in the 460s | 93 |
| Ambrosius | 95 |
| The Cymry | 97 |
| The War Zone | 100 |
| Arthur | 103 |
| The English held | 110 |
| Badon | 112 |
7 | The Peace of Arthur | 116 |
| The reign of Arthur | 116 |
| The Legend of Arthur | 117 |
| Arthur's Frontier Wars | 123 |
| Theodoric | 126 |
| Arthur's Civil Government | 132 |
| Partition | 134 |
| Town and Country | 136 |
| The Economy | 139 |
| Camlann | 140 |
III | The Successor States | |
8 | Pagan Ireland | 142 |
| The Sources | 143 |
| Prehistory | 147 |
| Tuathal | 151 |
| Cormac | 155 |
| Crimthann and Niall | 157 |
| Irish Monarchy | 159 |
| The Rise of the Dynasties | 159 |
9 | Christian Ireland | 164 |
| The Sources | 164 |
| Loegaire | 166 |
| Mac Erca | 167 |
| Diarmait | 169 |
| The Church Triumphant | 174 |
10 | The Dal Riada Scots | 177 |
| Geography | 177 |
| Scot Kings | 180 |
| Columba | 181 |
| Aedan | 181 |
| Aedan's heirs | 183 |
11 | The Picts and the Northerners | 186 |
| The Picts | 186 |
| Brochs and Duns | 188 |
| Atecotti | 190 |
| Christianity | 191 |
| Bridei | 192 |
| Art | 193 |
| Bridei's heirs | 194 |
| Albany | 197 |
| Scotland | 198 |
12 | British Supremacy | 200 |
| Gildas' Kings | 201 |
| The Lowlands and the West | 207 |
| The North | 213 |
| British Political Society | 219 |
| The plague | 222 |
13 | British Collapse | 225 |
| The South | 225 |
| The North | 230 |
| Urien | 232 |
| Catraeth | 237 |
| Chester | 238 |
| Catwallaun | 240 |
| Cynddylan | 241 |
| The Loss of Britain | 245 |
14 | Brittany | 249 |
| Riwal and Fracan | 251 |
| Paul Aurelian | 252 |
| Budic | 254 |
| Conomorus | 256 |
| Waroc and Iudicael | 258 |
15 | English Immigrants | 261 |
| The Homeland | 261 |
| Hengest | 266 |
| Icel | 271 |
| The English in Europe | 273 |
| After Badon | 280 |
| Migration from Britain | 286 |
16 | English Conquest | 293 |
| Rebellion | 293 |
| Consolidation: Aethelferth and Aethelbert | 300 |
| Edwin and Oswy | 301 |
| The Mercians | 303 |
| Expansion | 303 |
| The North and the East | 304 |
| The South East | 306 |
| The West | 307 |
| The Midlands | 310 |
| Integration: the English | 310 |
| The subject Welsh | 312 |
17 | English Monarchy | 317 |
| Early Tradition | 317 |
| Kent | 318 |
| The Northumbrians | 320 |
| The East Angles | 322 |
| The West Saxons | 323 |
| The Mercians | 325 |
| The Mercian Empire | 325 |
| Charlemagne's Empire | 332 |
Part 2 | Analysis | |
IV | Church and Letters | |
18 | The Fifth Century Church | 335 |
| Before 410 | 335 |
| The Early Fifth Century | 338 |
| Germanus | 343 |
| Palladius | 345 |
| Later Fifth Century Britain | 346 |
| Patrick | 347 |
| Later Fifth Century Ireland | 350 |
19 | Sixth Century Monks | 356 |
| Britain | 356 |
| Samson | 357 |
| Paul Aurelian | 363 |
| David | 367 |
| Cadoc | 369 |
| The rest of Britain | 370 |
| Ireland | 372 |
| Finnian | 374 |
| Columba | 377 |
| Gildas in Ireland | 379 |
| Art | 381 |
| Travel | 382 |
| Exploration | 383 |
| Missions | 386 |
20 | The Seventh Century Church | 389 |
| The conversion of the English | 389 |
| Augustine and Edwin | 389 |
| Oswald and Aedan | 391 |
| Rome and Easter | 394 |
| Theodore and Wilfred | 395 |
| Bishops and Abbots | 397 |
| The Irish Church | 399 |
| Monks in Europe | 400 |
21 | Letters | 406 |
| Language | 406 |
| Education | 409 |
| Latin Literature | 414 |
| Welsh Literature | 416 |
| English Literature | 421 |
| Irish Literature | 422 |
| Humour | 424 |
V | Society and Economy | |
22 | The Economy | 429 |
| Roman Britain | 429 |
| Arable and Pasture | 431 |
| Ireland | 431 |
| Enclosures | 434 |
| The Picts | 438 |
| The British and the English | 438 |
| Craftsmen | 440 |
| Exchange and Trade | 441 |
23 | Welsh, Irish and Northern Society | 445 |
| The Family | 445 |
| Kindred | 447 |
| Inheritance | 448 |
| Community, the Irish | 449 |
| Class difference | 457 |
| Village and Hundred | 451 |
| The North | 452 |
| The Clan | 453 |
| Community, the Welsh | 457 |
| Class Difference | 457 |
| Village and Hundred | 459 |
| Land Tenure | 461 |
24 | English Society | 466 |
| Local Difference | 466 |
| The Sources | 467 |
| Graves | 467 |
| Place Names | 468 |
| Communities | 468 |
| Individual Colonists | 472 |
| The Regions Colonised | 474 |
| The Organisation of Colonies | 480 |
| The Family | 483 |
| Kindred | 484 |
| Inheritance | 485 |
| Community | 486 |
| Class Difference | 486 |
| Wergild | 486 |
| The Hide | 487 |
| Military nobility | 488 |
| In Wessex | 488 |
| In Northumbria | 489 |
| In the rest of England | 490 |
| Villages | 491 |
| The Hundred | 491 |
| Land Tenure | 495 |
| Charters | 495 |
| Monastic Tenure | 496 |
| Aldhelm and Church Right | 498 |
| Bookland | 499 |
| Folkland | 501 |
| The Cultivators | 502 |
| The Survival of the English | 503 |
25 | Arthur and the Future | 506 |
| Table of Dates | 512 |
| Summary of Events | 518 |
| Abbreviations | 519 |
| Works Cited in the Notes | 522 |
| Notes | 547 |
| Notes to the Maps | 619 |
| Index | 634 |
| Maps | |
1 | The Shape and Soils of Britain | |
2 | Roman Britain | |
3 | Pagan English Settlement 1, earlier 5th century | |
4 | The British in Gaul | |
5 | The War Zone | |
6 | Pagan English Settlement 2, later 5th century | |
7 | The Demetian Campaign | |
8 | Partition | |
9 | Fifth Century Ireland | |
10 | Scotland, Communications | |
11 | The Picts | |
12 | The Picts and their neighbours: Brochs and Duns | |
13 | Britain about 550 | |
14 | Brittany | |
15 | The Homeland of the English | |
16 | English Migration in Europe | |
17 | Pressures on the Continental English | |
18 | Pagan English Settlement 3, 500-570 | |
19 | The English in Northern Gaul | |
A | Artois and Flanders | |
B | Normandy | |
20 | The English Conquest of the South | |
21 | Pagan English Settlement 4, late 6th century | |
22 | Pagan English Settlement 5, 7th century | |
23 | The 7th century English kingdoms | |
24 | Monks in Wales | |
25 | Monks in Cornwall | |
26 | Monks in the North | |
27 | Monks in Ireland | |
28 | Monks in the English kingdoms | |
29 | Monks Abroad | |
30-36 | English Colonisation: Place names | |
1 | The South and Midlands, names in -inga(s) | |
2 | Central Bedfordshire, names in -inga(s) | |
3 | Settlement by or through individuals: -worth, -cote, -ingtun | |
4 | Kent, Surrey, Sussex | |
5 | Essex, Hertfordshire, Middlesex | |
6 | The North and West | |
7 | -botl and variants in the South | |