Table of Contents

• Preface

1. Communication and Nonverbal Behavior
   • Myths about Nonverbal Communication
   • Nonverbal versus Verbal Messages
   • The Linguistic Distinction
   • The Continuity Distinction
   • The Processing Distinction
   • The Outcome Distinction
   • The Absolute Distinction
   • Intentionality and Nonverbal Communication
   • Culture and Nonverbal Communication
   • Functions of Nonverbal Messages
   • Complementing
   • Contradicting
   • Accenting
   • Repeating
   • Regulating
   • Substituting
   • Categories of Nonverbal Messages
   • Physical Appearance
   • Gesture and Movement
   • Face and Eye Behavior
   • Vocal Behavior
   • Space
   • Touch
   • Environment
   • Time
   • Glossary of Terminology
2. Physical Appearance
   • Attractiveness
   • Types of Attractiveness
   • What Is Attractive Today May Be Out Tomorrow
   • Image Fixation
   • Judgments Generated
   • Attractiveness: A Double-Edged Sword?
   • Effects of Attractiveness
   • Personal Body Concept
   • Nonverbal Messages of Body Shape and Size
   • Nonverbal Messages of Height, Weight, and Skin Color
   • Nonverbal Messages of Hair
   • Appearance and Dress
   • Why Do People Dress the Way They Do?
   • Generalizations about Dress
   • Artifacts and Accessories
   • Glossary of Terminology
3. Gesture and Movement
   • A Theoretical Look at Gesture and Movement
   • Structural Approach to Kinesics
   • External Variable Approach to Kinesics
   • Types of Gesture and Movement
   • Emblems
   • Illustrators
   • Regulators
   • Affect Displays
   • Adaptors
   • Deception cues
   • Posture
   • How Does Posture Communicate?
   • Communicative Potential of Posture
   • Movement and COMMUNICATOR STYLE
   • The Dramatic Style
   • The Dominant Style
   • The Animated Style
   • The Relaxed Style
   • The Attentive Style
   • The Open Style
   • The Friendly Style
   • The Contentious Style
   • The Impression-Leaving Style
   • General Communicator Styles
   • Effects of Body Movements and Gestures
   • Communicator Style
   • Simplifying Encoding and Decoding
   • Role of Illustrators in Decoding
   • Positive and Negative Perceptions
   • Research on Immediacy
   • Glossary of Terminology
4. Facial Behavior
   • Importance of Facial Expressions
   • Perspectives on Acquisition and Development
   • Perspective 1: Evolution and Natural Selection
   • Perspective 2: External Factors
   • Perspective 3: Innate and Learned
   • Facial Management and Expression of Emotion
   • Styles of Facial Expressions
   • Primary Affect Displays and Communication
   • Variations of Facial Expressions
   • Glossary of Terminology
5. Eye Behavior
   • Properties and Functions of Eye Behavior
   • Properties of Eye Behavior
   • Functions of Eye Behavior
   • Types of Eye Behaviors
   • CLEMs
   • Eye Behavior and Individual Differences
   • Nature of Relationships
   • Cultural Differences
   • Contextual Differences
   • Personality Differences
   • Gender Differences
   • Glossary of Terminology
6. Vocal Behavior
   • Categories of Vocal Behavior
   • Voice Set
   • Voice Qualities and Vocalizations
   • Voice Printing
   • Silence and Pauses
   • Uses of Silence in Communication
   • Vocal Behavior and Turn-Interaction Management
   • Turn-Maintaining
   • Turn-Yielding
   • Turn-Requesting
   • Turn-Denying
   • Interruptions
   • Accent and Dialect
   • Effects of Vocal Behavior
   • Vocal Behavior and Emotions
   • Vocal Behavior and Personality
   • Vocal Behavior and Learning
   • Vocal Behavior and Persuasion
   • Vocal Behavior and Attractiveness
   • Vocal Behavior and Confidence
   • Vocal Characteristics of Good Delivery
   • Glossary of Terminology
7. Space and Territoriality
   • Phenomenon of Territoriality
   • Categories of Territory
   • Territorial Defense and Encroachment
   • Types of Negative Encroachment
   • Encroachment Reactions
   • Factors Influencing Territorial Defense
   • Personal Space
   • Interpersonal Distance
   • Gender Differences
   • Cultural Differences
   • Age Differences
   • Personality Differences
   • Stigmas
   • Psychiatric and Deviant Groups
   • Crowding and Density
   • The Impact of High Density
   • Glossary of Terminology
8. Touch and Communication
   • Life-Span Development and Touch
   • Touch in Animals
   • Human Development
   • Categories of Touch
   • Professional-Functional Touch
   • Social-Polite Touch
   • Friendship-Warmth Touch
   • Love-Intimacy Touch
   • Sexual-Arousal Touch
   • Touch Norms and Communication
   • Cultural Differences
   • Gender Differences
   • Touch Apprehension
   • What Does Touch Communicate?
   • Touch and Emotion
   • Touch and Status
   • Touch and Self-Intimacy
   • Effects of Touch Deprivation
   • Glossary of Terminology
9. Environment and Physical Surroundings
   • Perceptual Characteristics of Environment
   • Perception of Formality
   • Perception of Warmth
   • Perception of Privacy
   • Perception of Familiarity
   • Perception of Constraint
   • Perception of Distance
   • Architecture and Environment
   • Spatial Arrangement
   • The Shapes of Tables
   • Seating Arrangement
   • Arrangement of Office Space
   • Other Environmental Factors
   • Environmental Attractiveness
   • Color in the Environment
   • Lighting in the Environment
   • Temperature and the Environment
   • Scent and Smell
   • Importance of Scents
   • Glossary of Terminology
10. Time
    • Time Orientations
    • Psychological Time Orientation
    • Biological Time Orientation
    • Cultural Time Orientation
    • Punctuality
    • Monochronic and Polychronic Time
    • Effects of the Use of Time
    • Glossary of Terminology
11. Immediacy and Communication
    • Immediacy
    • Verbal Immediacy
    • Nonverbal Behaviors
    • Nonverbal Immediacy
    • Physical Appearance
    • Gesture and Body Movements
    • Facial Expression and Eye Behavior
    • Vocal Behavior
    • Spatial Behavior
    • Tactile Behavior
    • Environmental Factors
    • Scent and Smell
    • Temporal Factors
    • Outcomes of Immediacy
    • Increased Liking, Affiliation, and Affect
    • More Approachable Communication Style
    • More Responsiveness, Understanding, and Assertiveness
    • Increased Solidarity between Participants
    • Decreased Anxiety
    • Decreased Status Differences
    • Increased Perceptions of Communication Competence
    • Drawbacks of Immediacy
    • Glossary of Terminology
12. Female-Male Nonverbal Communication
    • Definition Issues: Sex and Gender
    • Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Females and Males
    • Distinctive and Similar Characteristics: The Dilemma
    • Appearance and Attractiveness
    • Gesture and Movement
    • Face and Eye Behavior
    • Vocal Behavior
    • Space
    • Touch
    • Liking and Courtship of the American Female and Male
    • Avoiding Problems
    • Nonverbal Sensitivity
    • Advantages of Immediacy
    • Disadvantages of Immediacy
    • The Androgynous Person
    • Glossary of Terminology
13. Supervisor and Employee Relationships
    • Distinctive Characteristics
    • Role of Nonverbal Messages
    • Physical Appearance
    • Gesture and Movement
    • Face and Eye Behavior
    • Vocal Behavior
    • Space
    • Touch
    • Environment
    • Time
    • Conclusions about Supervisor-Employee Relationships
    • Immediacy in the Workplace
    • Advantages of Immediacy
    • Disadvantages of Immediacy