Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Introduction

1 MUHAMMAD
Muhammad and the Revelation - Muhammad's Struggle -
Muhammad's Strategy - Jews and Christians - Conclusion

2 THE QUR'AN
What is the Qur'an? - The Qur'anic Teaching - The Qur'anic
Legislation - Commentaries on the Qur'an

3 ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRADITION
Preliminary - The State of Western Scholarship - The Nature of the
Prophet's Authority - Hadith and Sunna, or the Verbal and Practical
Tradition - Classical Opposition to the Health - Development of the
'Science of the Hadith'

4 THE STRUCTURE OF THE LAW
Preliminary - Early Developments: Qur'an and Sunna; Qiyas; Ijma
or Consensus - Al-Shafi'i and After - The Law and the State - For-
mation of the Legal Schools - Conclusion

5 DIALECTICAL THEOLOGY AND THE DEVELOPMENT
OF DOGMA
The Early Phase - The Mu'tazila - Ash'arism and Maturidism -
Philosophy and Kalam

6 THE SHARI'A
Preliminary - Development of the Concept of Shari'a - The Tradi-
tionalist Reform: Ibn Taymiya - The Shari'a and the Law

7 THE PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENT
The Philosophical Tradition -Orthodoxy and Philosophy - Philo-
sophic Religion

8 SUFI DOCTRINE AND PRACTICE
Rise and Early Development of Sufism - Beginnings of Institutional
Sufism - The Sufi Way - The Emergence of Orthodox Sufism - The
Sufi Theosophy

9 SUFI ORGANIZATIONS
Sufism and Popular Religion - The Sufi Orders - Sequel

10 SECTARIAN DEVELOPMENTS
The Khawarij - The Shi'a - Sub-sects of the Shi'a

11 EDUCATION
The Schools - The Character of Medieval Islamic Learning - Curri-
culum and Instruction

12 PRE-MODERNIST REFORM MOVEMENTS
Tensions within Pre-Modernist Islam - The Wahhabis - The Indian
Reform Movements - The African Reform Movements

13 MODERN DEVELOPMENTS
Preliminary - Intellectual Modernism - Political Modernism -
Modernism and Society

14 LEGACY AND PROSPECTS
Faith and History - The Legacy to be Reformulated: The Political
Dogma; The Moral Principles; The Spiritual Ideals - The Present
and the Future

Epilogue
Notes to the Chapters
Bibliography
Index