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Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
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ISBN-10:
0309163943
ISBN-13:
9780309163941
Pub. Date:
04/30/2011
Publisher:
National Academies Press
ISBN-10:
0309163943
ISBN-13:
9780309163941
Pub. Date:
04/30/2011
Publisher:
National Academies Press
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D

Overview

Calcium and vitamin D are essential nutrients for the human body. Establishing the levels of these nutrients that are needed by the North American population is based on the understanding of the health outcomes that calcium and vitamin D affect. It is also important to establish how much of each nutrient may be "too much."

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D provides reference intake values for these two nutrients. The report updates the DRI values defined in Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, the 1997 study from the Institute of Medicine. This 2011 book provides background information on the biological functions of each nutrient, reviews health outcomes that are associated with the intake of calcium and vitamin D, and specifies Estimated Average Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for both. It also identifies Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, which are levels above wish the risk for harm may increase. The book includes an overview of current dietary intake in the U.S. and Canada, and discusses implications of the study. A final chapter provides research recommendations.

The DRIs established in this book incorporate current scientific evidence about the roles of vitamin D and calcium in human health and will serve as a valuable guide for a range of stakeholders including dietitians and other health professionals, those who set national nutrition policy, researchers, the food industry, and private and public health organizations and partnerships.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780309163941
Publisher: National Academies Press
Publication date: 04/30/2011
Pages: 1132
Product dimensions: 6.10(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.70(d)

Table of Contents

Summary 1

The Committee and Its Charge 2

DRI Context for Committee's Work 2

The Committee's Approach and Examination of Data 3

Key Challenges 6

The Committee's Outcomes 7

Dietary Intake Assessment 10

Implications and Special Concerns 11

Conclusions About Vitamin D Deficiency in the United States and Canada 13

1 Introduction 15

The Task 16

The Dietary Reference Intake Framework 17

The Approach 29

2 Overview of Calcium 35

Introduction 35

Sources of Calcium 36

Metabolism of Calcium 38

Functions and Physiological Actions of Calcium 42

Calcium Across the Life Cycle 52

Bone Mass Measures Associated with Calcium 57

Other Factors Related to Calcium Nutriture 62

3 Overview of Vitamin D 75

Introduction 75

Sources of Vitamin D 79

Metabolism of Vitamin D 83

Functions and Physiological Actions of Vitamin D 89

Vitamin D Across the Life Cycle 94

Measures Associated with Vitamin D: Serum 25OHD 96

Measures Associated with Vitamin D: Parathyroid Hormone 111

4 Review of Potential Indicators of Adequacy and Selection of Indicators: Calcium and Vitamin D 125

Approach 125

Review of Potential Indicators 134

Considerations Related to African American Ancestry 294

Selection of Indicators 298

5 Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D 345

Overview 345

Calcium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy 348

Vitamin D: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy 362

6 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: Calcium and Vitamin D 403

Calcium Upper Levels: Review of Potential Indicators and Selection of Indicators 405

Calcium Upper Levels: Intake-Response Assessment and Specification of Upper Levels 418

Vitamin D Upper Levels: Review of Potential Indicators and Selection of Indicators 424

Vitamin D Upper Levels: Intake-Response Assessment and Specification of Upper Levels 440

7 Dietary Intake Assessment 457

The National Surveys and Approach Used 457

Calcium Intake 463

Vitamin D Intake and Serum 25OHD Concentrations 468

Differences Between the United States and Canada: National Survey Data for Calcium and Vitamin D 474

Summary 477

8 Implications and Special Concerns 479

Summary of Assessment 479

Implications 481

Population Segments and Conditions of Interest 490

9 Information Gaps and Research Needs 513

Step 1 "Hazard Identification" or Indicator Review and Selection 516

Step 2 "Hazard Characterization" or Intake-Response Assessment and Specification of Dietary Reference Intakes 519

Step 3 Intake Assessment 520

Related Research Need 521

Concluding Remarks 522

Appendixes*

A Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary 523

B Issues and Interests Identified by Study Sponsors 537

C Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Ottawa Evidence-Based Report on Effectiveness and Safety of Vitamin D in Relation to Bone Health 539

D Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Tufts Evidence Based Report on Vitamin D and Calcium 725

E Literature Search Strategy 1013

F Evidence Maps 1019

G Case Studies of Vitamin D Toxicity 1025

H Estimated Intakes of Calcium and Vitamin D from National Surveys 1035

I Proportion of the Population Above and Below 40 nmol/L Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Cumulative Distribution of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: United States and Canada 1045

J Workshop Agenda and Open Session Agendas 1059

K Biographical Sketches of Committee Members 1065

Index 1075

Summary Tables

Estimated Average Requirements 1104

Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins 1106

Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Elements 1108

Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Total Water and Macronutrients 1110

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges 1111

Additional Macronutrient Recommendations 1111

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins 1112

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Elements 1114

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