Table of Contents
List of Illustrations x
Maps xii
Introduction 1
1 Germany Under Napoleon 8
The Continental System 10
Resistance to Napoleon 11
The Prussian Reform Movement 13
Prussian Military Reforms 17
Educational Reform 18
The Confederation of the Rhine 20
Germany and the Defeat of Napoleon 21
The Congress of Vienna 23
2 German Society in Transition 25
Women and Children 29
The Household 31
Town and Country 32
Agriculture 33
Industrialization 36
Class Structure 39
Jews 43
Social Change 44
3 Restoration and Reform: 1815–1840 47
Demagogues and Radicals 49
Bourgeois Discontent 52
Nationalism 53
The Zollverein 56
Germany Under Metternich 57
Catholicism 61
Liberalism 63
Radicalism 63
4 The Revolutions of 1848 65
Revolution 68
The Frankfurt Parliament 71
Olmütz 78
5 The Struggle for Mastery: 1850–1866 80
Austro-Prussian Rivalry 81
The “New Era” 83
Changes in the Social Structure 84
Liberalism and Conservatism 87
Social Democracy 88
Prussian Army Reforms 92
Bismarck 94
The German Question 95
The Schleswig-Holstein Question 97
The Austro-Prussian War 99
6 The Unification Of Germany: 1866–1871 101
Liberalism, Nationalism, and Particularism 104
The Franco-Prussian War 105
The German Empire 108
Bonapartism 111
The Military and Militarism 113
Nationalism 116
The German Jewish Community 117
7 Bismarck’s Germany 124
The Kulturkampf 125
Bismarck and the Liberals 128
Social Democracy 129
From Free Trade to Protectionism 130
The Anti-Socialist Laws 132
Bismarck’s New Course 133
Social Policy 134
The Social Structure of Imperial Germany 136
Food and Drink 138
Fashion 140
Women 140
Attitudes Towards Sexuality 143
8 Germany and Europe: 1871–1890 147
The Congress of Berlin 149
The Dual and Triple Alliances 150
Colonialism 152
The Collapse of Bismarck’s System of Alliances 153
9 Wilhelmine Germany: 1890–1914 156
William II’s System of Government 159
The Reichstag 161
Caprivi and the “New Course” 162
Hohenlohe 165
Tirpitz, the Navy, and “World Politics” 166
Navalism and Imperialism 168
Criticisms of the Naval Building Program 168
Bülow 169
Anglo-German Rivalry 170
The Bülow Bloc 171
Scandals and Crises 172
Bethmann Hollweg 174
The Challenge from Social Democracy 175
Armaments 177
The Balkan Crisis of 1912 177
10 The First World War 180
Attitudes towards the War 182
War Aims 183
German Society in Wartime 184
Women 187
Mounting Opposition to the War 189
The Peace Resolution 190
The Impact of Bolshevik Revolution 192
The Failure of the March Offensive 193
Armistice Negotiations 195
11 The Weimar Republic: 1919–1933 197
The Treaty of Versailles 198
The Weimar Constitution 201
The Kapp Putsch 201
Reparations 203
Rapallo 204
Hyperinflation and the “Struggle for the Ruhr” 206
Hindenburg Elected President 210
Locarno 211
The Depression 212
The Middle Class 213
The Working Class 217
Rural Society 221
The Demise of Parliamentary Democracy 221
Brüning 223
Papen 227
Schleicher 228
Hitler Appointed Chancellor 230
12 The Nazi Dictatorship 233
The Reichstag Fire 235
Gleichschaltung 237
The Persecution of the Jews: The First Phase 240
The SA and the Röhm Putsch 241
Hitler Becomes Head of State 244
The National Socialist Dictatorship 246
The SS 250
The Persecution of the Jews: The Second Phase 253
13 Nazi Germany: 1933–1945 256
German Society in The Third Reich 260
Labor 262
Peasants 264
Small Business 267
Women 268
National Socialism and Modernity 271
First Steps in Foreign Policy 276
The Anschluss 280
Munich 281
War 282
Poland 284
The War in the West 285
Barbarossa 287
The Final Solution 290
The Turn of the Tide 296
The Shortage of Labor 297
The End 298
14 The Adenauer Era: 1945–1963 302
The Occupation Zones 304
From Bizonia to Trizonia 306
The Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany 309
Rearmament 313
From the “Economic Miracle” to “Eurosclerosis” 316
The Heyday of Adenauer’s Germany 320
The Berlin Wall 322
The End of the Adenauer Era 323
15 The German Democratic Republic 327
“The First Workers’ and Peasants’ State on German Soil” 333
June 17, 1953 336
The GDR after Stalin 338
The Berlin Wall 340
The New Economic System 341
The GDR and Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik 343
The Honecker Era 344
Social Structure of the GDR 346
Dissent 349
Relations between the Two Germanys 350
The Collapse of the GDR 352
16 The Federal Republic: 1963–1982 358
The Great Coalition: 1966–1969 359
Confrontations with the Past 362
The Extra-Parliamentary Opposition (Apo) 363
The Chancellorship of Willy Brandt 364
Terrorism 367
Willy Brandt’s Second Term: 1972–1974 367
Helmut Schmidt’s First Term: 1974–1976 369
Helmut Schmidt’s Second Term: 1976–1980 371
Terrorism and the Changing Nature of Dissent 371
The Debate on Atomic Weapons 373
Helmut Schmidt’s Third Term: 1980–1982 374
The Transformation of West German Society 376
17 The Reunification of Germany 385
Debates over Germany’s Past 387
The United States, The Soviet Union, and the German Question 388
The New Germany 390
9/11 400
The Iraq War 401
Gerhard Schröder’s Second Term 403
Angela Merkel’s Two Coalition Governments 405
Problems and Perspectives 406
Bibliography 408
Index 417
