Table of Contents

Preface xiii

1 People, Culture, and History 1

Sources of Evidence 5

Theorizing Oaxaca's Ancient Past 17

2 Peoples and Landscapes on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest 35

The Physical Geography of Oaxaca 36

Mixtec and Zapotec Peoples at the Time of the Spanish Conquest 42

3 From Foragers to Village Life 64

First Peoples 65

The Archaic Period and the Origins of Agriculture 66

The Transition to Sedentism 70

Negotiating Initial Village Life 73

4 Negotiating Community and Complexity 84

Constructing Community and Identity in the Early Formative 85

Community and Identity in the Early Middle Formative 104

Structures of Authority in the Early to Middle Formative 110

5 From Village to City: The Founding and Early Development of Monte Albán 118

The Late Middle Formative Political Crisis 120

The Founding of Monte Albán 128

Political Consolidation and Upheaval at Monte Albán 155

6 Political Centralization in the Mixteca and Coast 160

Social Transformations in the Mixtec Highlands 160

Interregional Interaction and the Rise of Mixtec Centers 173

Political Authority and Ideology 177

Urbanization in the Lower Río Verde Valley 180

Political Collapse in the Mixteca and the Oaxaca Coast 195

7 Authority and Polity in the Classic Period 197

Classic-Period Society in the Valley of Oaxaca 199

Classic-Period Polities of the Mixtec Highlands 226

Political Fragmentation and Centralization on the Oaxaca Coast 239

8 Collapse and Reemergence 248

The Collapse in the Oaxacan Highlands 249

The Classic-Period Collapse and the Early Postclassic on the Oaxaca Coast 252

Postclassic Heroic History 258

Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw” and the Archaeology of Tututepec (Yucu Dzaa) 266

Late Postclassic Archaeology of the Oaxacan Highlands 270

The Spanish Conquest 280

9 Conclusions 283

Beyond Functionalism and Neo-Evolutionism in Oaxaca 284

Poststructural Theory and the Archaeology of the Mixtec, Zapotec, and Chatino 287

Endnotes 296

Bibliography 299

Index 336