From the cleric-led Iranian revolution to the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan, many people have been surprised by what they see as the modern reemergence of an antimodern phenomenon. This book helps account for the increasingly visible public role of traditionally educated Muslim religious scholars (the ‘ulama) across contemporary Muslim societies. Muhammad Qasim Zaman describes the transformations the centuries-old culture and tradition of the ‘ulama have undergone in the modern era—transformations that underlie the new religious and political activism of these scholars. In doing so, it provides a new foundation for the comparative study of Islam, politics, and religious change in the contemporary world.
While focusing primarily on Pakistan, Zaman takes a broad approach that considers the Taliban and the ‘ulama of Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and the southern Philippines. He shows how their religious and political discourses have evolved in often unexpected but mutually reinforcing ways to redefine and enlarge the roles the ‘ulama play in society. Their discourses are informed by a longstanding religious tradition, of which they see themselves as the custodians. But these discourses are equally shaped by—and contribute in significant ways to—contemporary debates in the Muslim public sphere.
This book offers the first sustained comparative perspective on the ‘ulama and their increasingly crucial religious and political activism. It shows how issues of religious authority are debated in contemporary Islam, how Islamic law and tradition are continuously negotiated in a rapidly changing world, and how the ‘ulama both react to and shape larger Islamic social trends. Introducing previously unexamined facets of religious and political thought in modern Islam, it clarifies the complex processes of religious change unfolding in the contemporary Muslim world and goes a long way toward explaining their vast social and political ramifications.
Muhammad Qasim Zaman is Robert H. Niehaus '77 Professor of Near Eastern Studies and Religion at Princeton University. He is the author of Religion and Politics under the Early Abbasids and the editor, with Robert W. Hefner, of Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education (Princeton).
Table of Contents
FOREWORD ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
Introduction 1
I: Islamic Law and the 'Ulama in Colonial India: A Legal Tradition in Transition 17
II: Constructions of Authority 38
III: The Rhetoric of Reform and the Religious Sphere 60
IV: Conceptions of the Islamic State 87
V: Refashioning Identities 111
VI: Religiopolitical Activism and the 'Ulama: Comparative Perspectives 144
Epilogue: The 'Ulama in the Twenty-First Century 181
NOTES 193
GLOSSARY 259
BIBLIOGRAPHY 263
INDEX 287
What People are Saying About This
Dale Eickelman
This highly original book offers fresh insight into the role of Islamic religious scholars in the modern world. It will shape how we understand religious tradition, sectarianism, religious knowledge and its carriers, and the diverse ways in which religious arguments are created and disseminated. The book's accessible style and persuasive comparison of religious developments in South Asia with other parts of the Muslim world make it a significant port of entry for anyone wishing to understand Islamic religious tradition and the modern social and political contexts in which it is elaborated and reproduced. — Dale Eickelman, Dartmouth College
Muhammad Khalid Masud
Zaman's work is a convincing study of religious and social change. The rise of 'ulama as important political and social factors in various Muslim countries has come as a surprise to many scholars, who still find phenomena such as the Taliban puzzling. This book explains this missed perspective on modernity and shows that the 'ulama have not been oblivious to modern challenges. — Muhammad Khalid Masud, International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World, Leiden
Bruce Lawrence
Long before 11 September, the 'ulama were regarded as the ubiquitous agents of Islamic authority throughout the Muslim world. Yet until Muhammad Qasim Zaman, no scholar has attempted a fine-grained, comparative analysis of their multiple roles and adaptive views. This book will change the way that both scholars and observers of Islam think about contemporary Muslim societies. — Bruce Lawrence, author of "Shattering the Myth"
From the Publisher
"Long before 11 September, the ‘ulama were regarded as the ubiquitous agents of Islamic authority throughout the Muslim world. Yet until Muhammad Qasim Zaman, no scholar has attempted a fine-grained, comparative analysis of their multiple roles and adaptive views. This book will change the way that both scholars and observers of Islam think about contemporary Muslim societies."—Bruce Lawrence, author of Shattering the Myth"This highly original book offers fresh insight into the role of Islamic religious scholars in the modern world. It will shape how we understand religious tradition, sectarianism, religious knowledge and its carriers, and the diverse ways in which religious arguments are created and disseminated. The book's accessible style and persuasive comparison of religious developments in South Asia with other parts of the Muslim world make it a significant port of entry for anyone wishing to understand Islamic religious tradition and the modern social and political contexts in which it is elaborated and reproduced."—Dale Eickelman, Dartmouth College"Zaman's work is a convincing study of religious and social change. The rise of ‘ulama as important political and social factors in various Muslim countries has come as a surprise to many scholars, who still find phenomena such as the Taliban puzzling. This book explains this missed perspective on modernity and shows that the ‘ulama have not been oblivious to modern challenges."—Muhammad Khalid Masud, International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World, Leiden
