Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xii
Disclaimer xiii
About the Author xiv
Part I Background Information
1 Introduction
1.1 Use of Resins in Conservation 3
1.2 Setting Processes 4
1.3 Reversibility 5
1.4 History 8
1.5 Information Sources 9
References 11
2 Polymer Science
2.1 Film-Forming Materials 15
2.2 Molecular Weight and Size 19
2.3 Glass Transition Temperature 22
2.4 Mechanical Properties 27
2.5 Optical Properties 32
2.6 Polymerization 33
2.7 Deterioration of Polymers 37
2.8 Testing of Polymers 44
2.9 Identification of Polymers 58
References 59
3 Solvents
3.1 Chemical Type and Purity 67
3.2 Solubility Parameters 69
3.3 Evaporation Rate 75
3.4 Hazards 76
3.5 Solvent-Solute Interaction 81
References 92
4 Adhesion
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Wetting the Surface 97
4.3 Effects of Setting Properties on Adhesion 100
4.4 Strength of Adhesion Bonds 101
4.5 Failure of Joints 103
References 104
5 Uses and Requirements of Applied Polymers - A Summary
5.1 Stability 105
5.2 Reversibility 105
5.3 Glass Transition Temperature 105
5.4 Setting 105
5.5 Strength 106
5.6 Application 106
5.7 Consolidation 106
5.8 Adhesion 111
5.9 Coatings 117
5.10 Moulding 118
5.11 Specifying a Product for Conservation 118
References 121
Part II Survey of Polymers
6 Hydrocarbons
6.1 Polyethene (PE) and Paraffin Wax 125
6.2 Rubber 130
References 132
7 Vinyl Acetate-Derived Polymers
7.1 Poly(Vinyl Acetate) (PVAC) 137
7.2 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVAL) 142
7.3 Poly(Vinyl Acetals) 145
References 148
8 Acrylic Polymers
8.1 Background 153
8.2 Conservation 159
References 172
9 Miscellaneous Synthetic Thermoplastics
9.1 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) 179
9.2 Poly(Vinylidene Chloride) (PVDC) 181
9.3 Polystyrene (PS) 181
9.4 Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (PVP) 182
9.5 Poly(p-Xylylene) (PPX) 182
9.6 Low-Molecular-Weight Resins 183
9.7 Polyethers 188
9.8 Nylons 194
9.9 Poly(2-Ethyl-2-Oxazoline) 196
References 196
10 Polymers Derived from Cellulose
10.1 Cellulose Ethers 206
10.2 Cellulose Esters 212
References 216
11 Natural Water-Soluble Polymers
11.1 Polysaccharides 221
11.2 Proteins 228
References 235
12 Natural Resins
12.1 Terpenes 241
12.2 Monoterpenoids 241
12.3 Diterpenoids 248
12.4 Triterpenoids 253
12.5 Shellac 258
12.6 Beeswax 260
12.7 Carnauba Wax 261
12.8 Oils and Alkyds 261
References 266
13 Cross-Linking Polymers
13.1 Silicon-Containing Polymers 271
13.2 Polyester Resins 283
13.3 Polyurethane Polymers 286
13.4 Epoxy Resins 289
13.5 Formaldehyde Resins 297
References 301
14 Fillers and Colourants
14.1 Fillers 307
14.2 Colourants 307
References 309
Appendices
Appendix 1 Polymer Properties 311
Appendix 2.1 Solvent Properties 323
Appendix 2.2 Hydrocarbon Solvents 369
Appendix 2.3 Hazards and Warnings (European Union Labelling) 373
Appendix 2.4 Hazards and Warnings (Globally Harmonized System Labelling) 377
Appendix 3 Polymer Solubility Charts 379
Appendix 4 Glossary 423
Author Index 439
Term Index 453
