In 1900, some 100,000 people living in Bulgaria—2 percent of the country’s population—could be described as Greek, whether by nationality, language, or religion. The complex identities of the population—proud heirs of ancient Hellenic colonists, loyal citizens of their Bulgarian homeland, members of a wider Greek diasporic community, devout followers of the Orthodox Patriarchate in Istanbul, and reluctant supporters of the Greek government in Athens—became entangled in the growing national tensions between Bulgaria and Greece during the first half of the twentieth century.
In Between Two Motherlands, Theodora Dragostinova explores the shifting allegiances of this Greek minority in Bulgaria. Diverse social groups contested the meaning of the nation, shaping and reshaping what it meant to be Greek and Bulgarian during the slow and painful transition from empire to nation-states in the Balkans. In these decades, the region was racked by a series of upheavals (the Balkan Wars, World War I, interwar population exchanges, World War II, and Communist revolutions). The Bulgarian Greeks were caught between the competing agendas of two states increasingly bent on establishing national homogeneity.
Based on extensive research in the archives of Bulgaria and Greece, as well as fieldwork in the two countries, Dragostinova shows that the Greek population did not blindly follow Greek nationalist leaders but was torn between identification with the land of their birth and loyalty to the Greek cause. Many emigrated to Greece in response to nationalist pressures; others sought to maintain their Greek identity and traditions within Bulgaria; some even switched sides when it suited their personal interests. National loyalties remained fluid despite state efforts to fix ethnic and political borders by such means as population movements, minority treaties, and stringent citizenship rules. The lessons of a case such as this continue to reverberate wherever and whenever states try to adjust national borders in regions long inhabited by mixed populations.
Theodora Dragostinova is Assistant Professor of History at The Ohio State University.
Table of Contents
Introduction 1. The Mixing and Unmixing of Bulgarians and Greeks 2. Between the Bulgarian State and the Greek Nation, 1900–1911 3. Nationality and Shifting Borders, 1912–1918 4. An Exercise in Population Management, 1919–1925 5. Everyday Life after Emigration, 1925–1931 6. People on the Margins, 1931–1941 7. Narratives and Memories of the Past EpilogueSelected Bibliography Index
What People are Saying About This
Mary Neuburger
Between Two Motherlands is a well-researched and engagingly written book of broad interest in the fields of East European and Near Eastern history. It has much to add to discussions of identity, migration, and the politics of population exchange. Theodora Dragostinova maps the complex fate of the 'Greeks' of Bulgaria given the ambiguity of Bulgarian-Greek identities and state relations in the Balkans. She explores the shifting and ambiguous parameters of identity in the region, which are forever complicated by local rootedness, social allegiances, and national indifference.
