Table of Contents

• About the editors
• List of contributors
• Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering
• Introduction
• Part One: Fundamentals
  • 1: Thermodynamics and kinetics of gas and gas–solid reactions
    • Abstract
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 Equilibria for gas-exchange reactions
    • 1.3 Equilibria for gas–solid reactions
    • 1.4 Kinetics of gas-exchange reactions
    • 1.5 Kinetics of gas–solid reactions
    • 1.6 Phase stabilities in the Fe-N, Fe-C and Fe-C-N systems
  • 2: Kinetics of thermochemical surface treatments
    • Abstract
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Development of an interstitial solid solution
    • 2.3 Precipitation of second phase particles in a supersaturated matrix
    • 2.4 Product-layer growth at the surface
    • 2.5 Conclusion
  • 3: Process technologies for thermochemical surface engineering
    • Abstract
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Different ways of achieving a hardened wear-resistant surface
    • 3.3 Furnaces
    • 3.4 Gaseous carburising
    • 3.5 Gaseous carbonitriding
    • 3.6 Gaseous nitriding and nitrocarburising
    • 3.7 Variants of gaseous nitriding and nitrocarburising
    • 3.8 Gaseous boriding
    • 3.9 Plasma assisted processes: plasma (ion) carburising
    • 3.10 Plasma (ion) nitriding/nitrocarburising
    • 3.11 Implantation processes (nitriding)
    • 3.12 Salt bath processes (nitrocarburising)
    • 3.13 Laser assisted nitriding
    • 3.14 Fluidised bed nitriding
    • Acknowledgements
• Part Two: Improved materials performance
  • 4: Fatigue resistance of carburized and nitrided steels
    • Abstract
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 The concept of local fatigue resistance
    • 4.3 Statistical analysis of fatigue resistance
    • 4.4 Fatigue behavior of carburized microstructures
    • 4.5 Fatigue behavior of nitrided and nitrocarburized microstructures
    • 4.6 Conclusion
  • 5: Tribological behaviour of thermochemically surface engineered steels
    • Abstract
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Contact types
    • 5.3 Wear mechanisms
    • 5.4 Conclusions
  • 6: Corrosion behaviour of nitrided, nitrocarburised and carburised steels
    • Abstract
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Corrosion behaviour of nitrided and nitrocarburised unalloyed and low alloyed steels: introduction
    • 6.3 Nitriding processes and corrosion behaviour
    • 6.4 Structure and composition of compound layers and corrosion behaviour
    • 6.5 Post-oxidation and corrosion behaviour
    • 6.6 Passivation of nitride layers
    • 6.7 Corrosion behaviour in molten metals
    • 6.8 Corrosion behaviour of nitrided, nitrocarburised and carburised stainless steels: introduction
    • 6.9 Austenitic-ferritic and austenitic steels: corrosion in chloride-free solutions
    • 6.10 Austenitic-ferritic and austenitic steels: corrosion in chloride-containing solutions
    • 6.11 Ferritic, martensitic and precipitation hardening stainless steels
    • 6.12 Conclusion
• Part Three: Nitriding, nitrocarburizing and carburizing
  • 7: Nitriding of binary and ternary iron-based alloys
    • Abstract
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Strong, intermediate and weak Me–N interaction
    • 7.3 Microstructural development of the compound layer in the presence of alloying elements
    • 7.4 Microstructural development of the diffusion zone in the presence of alloying elements
    • 7.5 Kinetics of diffusion zone growth in the presence of alloying elements
    • 7.6 Conclusion
  • 8: Development of the compound layer during nitriding and nitrocarburising of iron and iron-carbon alloys
    • Abstract
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Compound layer formation during nitriding in a NH₃/H₂ gas mixture
    • 8.3 Nitrocarburising in gas
    • 8.4 Compound layer development during salt bath nitrocarburising
    • 8.5 Post-oxidation and phase transformations in the compound layer
    • 8.6 Conclusion
  • 9: Austenitic nitriding and nitrocarburizing of steels
    • Abstract
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Phase stability regions of nitrogen-containing austenite
    • 9.3 Phase transformation of nitrogen-containing austenite and its consequences for the process
    • 9.4 Phase stability and layer growth during austenitic nitriding and nitrocarburizing
    • 9.5 Properties resulting from austenitic nitriding and nitrocarburizing
    • 9.6 Solution nitriding and its application
  • 10: Classical nitriding of heat treatable steel
    • Abstract
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Steels suitable for nitriding
    • 10.3 Microstructure and hardness improvement
    • 10.4 Nitriding-induced stress in steel
    • 10.5 Nitriding and improved fatigue life of steel
  • 11: Plasma-assisted nitriding and nitrocarburizing of steel and other ferrous alloys
    • Abstract
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Glow discharge during plasma nitriding: general features
    • 11.3 Sputtering during plasma nitriding
    • 11.4 Practical aspects of sputtering and redeposition of the cathode material during plasma nitriding
    • 11.5 Plasma nitriding as a low-nitriding potential process
    • 11.6 Role of carbon-bearing gases and oxygen
    • 11.7 Practical aspects of differences in nitriding mechanism of plasma and gas nitriding processes
    • 11.8 Best applications of plasma nitriding and nitrocarburizing
    • 11.9 Methods for reducing plasma nitriding limitations
    • Acknowledgements
  • 12: ZeroFlow gas nitriding of steels
    • Abstract
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Improving gas nitriding of steels
    • 12.3 Current gas nitriding processes
    • 12.4 The principles of ZeroFlow gas nitriding
    • 12.5 Thermodynamic aspects of nitriding in atmospheres of NH₃ and of two-component NH₃ + H₂ and NH₃ + NH₃diss. mixes
    • 12.6 Kinetic aspects of nitriding in atmospheres of NH₃ and of two-component NH₃ + H₂ and NH₃ + NH₃diss. mixes
    • 12.7 Using the ZeroFlow process under industrial conditions
    • 12.8 Applications of the ZeroFlow method
    • 12.9 Conclusion
  • 13: Carburizing of steels
    • Abstract
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Gaseous carburizing
    • 13.3 Low pressure carburizing
    • 13.4 Hardening
    • 13.5 Tempering and sub-zero treatment
    • 13.6 Material properties
    • 13.7 Furnace technology
    • 13.8 Conclusion
• Part Four: Low temperature carburizing and nitriding
  • 14: Low temperature surface hardening of stainless steel
    • Abstract
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 The origins of low temperature surface engineering of stainless steel
    • 14.3 Fundamental aspects of expanded austenite
  • 15: Gaseous processes for low temperature surface hardening of stainless steel
    • Abstract
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 Surface hardening of austenitic stainless steel
    • 15.3 Residual stress in expanded austenite
    • 15.4 Prediction of nitrogen diffusion profiles in expanded austenite
    • 15.5 Surface hardening of stainless steel types other than austenite
    • 15.6 Conclusion and future trends
  • 16: Plasma-assisted processes for surface hardening of stainless steel
    • Abstract
    • 16.1 Introduction
    • 16.2 Process principles and equipment
    • 16.3 Microstructure evolution
    • 16.4 Properties of surface hardened steels
    • 16.5 Conclusion and future trends
  • 17: Applications of low-temperature surface hardening of stainless steels
    • Abstract
    • 17.1 Introduction
    • 17.2 Applications in the nuclear industry
    • 17.3 Applications in tubular fittings and fasteners
    • 17.4 Miscellaneous applications
    • 17.5 Conclusion
• Part Five: Dedicated thermochemical surface engineering methods
  • 18: Boriding to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of steels
    • Abstract
    • 18.1 Introduction
    • 18.2 Boriding of steels
    • 18.3 Mechanical characterisation of borided steels
    • 18.4 Corrosion resistance of steels exposed to boriding
    • 18.5 Conclusion
  • 19: The thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion process for coating steels to improve wear resistance
    • Abstract
    • 19.1 Introduction
    • 19.2 Growth behavior of coatings
    • 19.3 High temperature borax bath carbide coating
    • 19.4 High temperature fluidized bed carbide coating
    • 19.5 Low temperature salt bath nitride coating
    • 19.6 Properties of thermo-reactive deposition (TRD) carbide/nitride coated parts
    • 19.7 Applications
    • 19.8 Conclusion
  • 20: Sherardizing: corrosion protection of steels by zinc diffusion coatings
    • Abstract
    • 20.1 Introduction
    • 20.2 Pretreatment, surface preparation and processing
    • 20.3 Diffusion heat treatment
    • 20.4 Post-treatment, inspection and quality control
    • 20.5 Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties
    • 20.6 Applications
  • 21: Aluminizing of steel to improve high temperature corrosion resistance
    • Abstract
    • 21.1 Introduction
    • 21.2 Thermodynamics
    • 21.3 Kinetics
    • 21.4 Aluminizing of austenitic stainless steel – experimental examples
    • 21.5 Applications
    • 21.6 Conclusion
    • Acknowledgements
• Index