Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 15
Introduction: The Politics of Pilgrimage 15
1 The Prophet's Precedent: The Farewell Hajj of 10/632
The Prophet and The Pilgrimage 19
The Rituals of the Hajj 21
The Meaning of Mecca for the Muslim Community 25
2 Following in the Prophet's Footsteps: The Era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs
Table 1 29
Abu Bakr: Leadership of the Hajj and the Nature of Authority in Islam 32
'Umar and 'Uthman: The Hajj as a Channel of Communication 35
'Ali b. Abi Talib: All Roads Do Not Lead to Mecca 39
The Hajj as a Platform for Rebellion 41
Conspicuous by Their Absence: Who Did Not Lead the Hajj 43
3 Mu'awiyah B. Abi Sufyan: A New Regime and a New Hajj Policy
Table 2 45
Mu'awiyah and Leadership of the Hajj 47
Political Choreography: The Hajj of the Caliph's Successor Son 51
The Ruling Family and Leadership of the Hajj 54
Leading the Hajj by Proxy: The Governorship of Medina and the Politics of Martyrdom 56
Conspicuous by Their Absence: Who Did Not Lead the Hajj 60
4 The Caliphate in Transition: The Hajj as a Barometer of Political Change
Table 3 63
Yazld and Leadership of the Hajj:
The Haram as an Ideological Battleground 65
Ibn al-Zubayr: Rebel or Ruler? 70
Alternative Uses of the Hajj: The Haram as the Centre of an Information Network 73
The Hajj of 68 AH: A Platform for Rebellion 75
5 The Return of the Umayyads and the Reintroduction of the Sufyanid Hajj Policy
Table 4 77
A Tale of Two Holy Cities: Mecca, Jerusalem and the Hajj 79
The Hajj of 72 AH: A Barometer of Political Change 81
Restoring Precedent: The Caliphs Victory Hajj of 75 AH 84
The Issue of Succession: The Hajj Seasons of 78 AH and 81 AH 86
The Governors of Medina and Leadership of the Hajj: The Sufyanid Model Revisited 89
6 A House Dividing: The Successor Sons of 'abd Al-Malik: Al-Walid and Sulayman
Table 5 95
Power and Patronage: The Caliphal Hajj of 91 AH 97
Following in His Predecessors' Footsteps: Al-Walid's Succession Policy and Leadership of the Hajj 100
Following in His Predecessors' Footsteps II: Al-Walid's Governors of Medina and Leadership of the Hajj 102
The Caliphal Pilgrimage of 97 AH: Hajj and Jihad in the Same Year 106
The Politics of Protest: Sulayman's Governors of the Holy Cities and Leadership of the Hajj 110
7 'Umar II and Yazid II: A Different Approach to the Hajj
Table 6 115
'Umar II: A Hajj Policy Based in the Hijaz 116
Yazid II: Another/Z/j// Policy Based in the Hijaz 119
'Umar II, Yazid II and Leadership of the Hajj: Some Unanswered Questions 123
8 The Last of a Line: Hisham B. Abd Al-Malik
Table 7 127
Restoring Precedent: The Caliphal Hajj of 106 AH 130
The Hajj of the Heir Apparent in 116 AH 134
The Hajj of the Would-Be Heir Apparent in 119 AH 136
Keeping it in the Family: Hisham's Governors of the Holy Cities and Leadership of the Hajj 139
All Roads Lead to Mecca: The Hajj as a Platform for Rebellion 141
9 The Third and Final Generation: Al-Walid II to Marwan II
Table 8 143
The Hajj of 115 AH: The Politics of Reprisal Revisited 14s
The Hajj of 126 AH: The Search for Umayyad Unity 149
The Ongoing Search for Umayyad Unity: The Hajj Seasons of 117 AH and 118 AH 153
The Hajj Seasons 119 AH to 131 AH: Power Slips Away 155
10 Summary: The Meaning of Mecca
Power and Patronage at the Pilgrimage 161
Governing Islam's First Cities and Leadership of the Hajj 161
The Politics of Protest: Alternative Uses of the Hajj 164
The Politics of Pilgrimage 165
Appendix A The Sources and Their Challenges 167
Appendix B Further Reading on the Hajj and the Umayyads 177
Bibliography 183
Index 191