Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Maps xi-xii
Introduction 1
Before the Bolsheviks 6
The Arrival of Soviet Rule 9
Nationhood, Class, Economy 11
Imperialism, Modernity, Post-Colonialism 15
Sources 23
1 Perceptions of Nomadism 26
Who was the Skotovad? 27
Backwardness 32
Agency and Settlement 37
Class 39
Scholarship 43
The 1926 Census 48
Conclusion 50
2 Nomadic Land 53
Under the Tsar 55
Decolonisation 56
Asserting Control 65
Further Land Reform 69
Class and Development 72
Nature and the Environment 75
Conclusion 77
3 Bordering Nomads 79
The Bukey Province 80
The Garabogazköl Lagoon 85
Changing Priorities 92
The Sino-Soviet Border 98
Conclusion 103
4 Taxing Nomads 105
The Tax-in-Kind 106
The Agricultural Tax 116
Taxing the Despots 129
Conclusion 133
5 (De)Mobilising Nomads 135
The Red Yurts 142
Education 143
Nomadic Women 149
Conclusion 155
6 Collectivisation 157
Conclusion 167
Conclusion 168
Notes 177
Glossary 237
Bibliography 239
Index 257