Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery
A thorough and original study of the linothorax, the linen armor worn by Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great led one of the most successful armies in history and conquered nearly the entirety of the known world while wearing armor made of cloth. How is that possible? In Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor, Gregory S. Aldrete, Scott Bartell, and Alicia Aldrete provide the answer.

An extensive multiyear project in experimental archaeology, this pioneering study presents a thorough investigation of the linothorax, linen armor worn by the Greeks, Macedonians, and other ancient Mediterranean warriors. Because the linothorax was made of cloth, no examples of it have survived. As a result, even though there are dozens of references to the linothorax in ancient literature and nearly a thousand images of it in ancient art, this linen armor remains relatively ignored and misunderstood by scholars.

Combining traditional textual and archaeological analysis with hands-on reconstruction and experimentation, the authors unravel the mysteries surrounding the linothorax. They have collected and examined all of the literary, visual, historical, and archaeological evidence for the armor and detail their efforts to replicate the armor using materials and techniques that are as close as possible to those employed in antiquity. By reconstructing actual examples using authentic materials, the authors were able to scientifically assess the true qualities of linen armor for the first time in 1,500 years. The tests reveal that the linothorax provided surprisingly effective protection for ancient warriors, that it had several advantages over bronze armor, and that it even shared qualities with modern-day Kevlar.

Previously featured in documentaries on the Discovery Channel and the Canadian History Channel, as well as in U.S. News and World Report, MSNBC Online, and other international venues, this groundbreaking work will be a landmark in the study of ancient warfare.

1114002574
Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery
A thorough and original study of the linothorax, the linen armor worn by Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great led one of the most successful armies in history and conquered nearly the entirety of the known world while wearing armor made of cloth. How is that possible? In Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor, Gregory S. Aldrete, Scott Bartell, and Alicia Aldrete provide the answer.

An extensive multiyear project in experimental archaeology, this pioneering study presents a thorough investigation of the linothorax, linen armor worn by the Greeks, Macedonians, and other ancient Mediterranean warriors. Because the linothorax was made of cloth, no examples of it have survived. As a result, even though there are dozens of references to the linothorax in ancient literature and nearly a thousand images of it in ancient art, this linen armor remains relatively ignored and misunderstood by scholars.

Combining traditional textual and archaeological analysis with hands-on reconstruction and experimentation, the authors unravel the mysteries surrounding the linothorax. They have collected and examined all of the literary, visual, historical, and archaeological evidence for the armor and detail their efforts to replicate the armor using materials and techniques that are as close as possible to those employed in antiquity. By reconstructing actual examples using authentic materials, the authors were able to scientifically assess the true qualities of linen armor for the first time in 1,500 years. The tests reveal that the linothorax provided surprisingly effective protection for ancient warriors, that it had several advantages over bronze armor, and that it even shared qualities with modern-day Kevlar.

Previously featured in documentaries on the Discovery Channel and the Canadian History Channel, as well as in U.S. News and World Report, MSNBC Online, and other international venues, this groundbreaking work will be a landmark in the study of ancient warfare.

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Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery

Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery

Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery

Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery

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Overview

A thorough and original study of the linothorax, the linen armor worn by Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great led one of the most successful armies in history and conquered nearly the entirety of the known world while wearing armor made of cloth. How is that possible? In Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor, Gregory S. Aldrete, Scott Bartell, and Alicia Aldrete provide the answer.

An extensive multiyear project in experimental archaeology, this pioneering study presents a thorough investigation of the linothorax, linen armor worn by the Greeks, Macedonians, and other ancient Mediterranean warriors. Because the linothorax was made of cloth, no examples of it have survived. As a result, even though there are dozens of references to the linothorax in ancient literature and nearly a thousand images of it in ancient art, this linen armor remains relatively ignored and misunderstood by scholars.

Combining traditional textual and archaeological analysis with hands-on reconstruction and experimentation, the authors unravel the mysteries surrounding the linothorax. They have collected and examined all of the literary, visual, historical, and archaeological evidence for the armor and detail their efforts to replicate the armor using materials and techniques that are as close as possible to those employed in antiquity. By reconstructing actual examples using authentic materials, the authors were able to scientifically assess the true qualities of linen armor for the first time in 1,500 years. The tests reveal that the linothorax provided surprisingly effective protection for ancient warriors, that it had several advantages over bronze armor, and that it even shared qualities with modern-day Kevlar.

Previously featured in documentaries on the Discovery Channel and the Canadian History Channel, as well as in U.S. News and World Report, MSNBC Online, and other international venues, this groundbreaking work will be a landmark in the study of ancient warfare.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781421408194
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
Publication date: 05/01/2013
Pages: 304
Product dimensions: 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.10(d)
Age Range: 18 Years

About the Author

Gregory S. Aldrete is a professor of humanistic studies and history at the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. He is the author of Gestures and Acclamations in Ancient Rome, and Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery also published by Johns Hopkins.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments vii

Introduction 1

The State of Linothorax Scholarship and Typologies of Greek Armor 2

The Structure of This Book 4

Methodology and Audience 7

1 Ancient Evidence for Linen Armor 11

Literary Sources 11

Linen in the Ancient World 20

Visual Sources 22

2 Structural Variants and Decorations on Type IV Armor 30

Structural Elements I: Shoulder Flaps 31

Structural Elements II: Shoulder Flap Ties 32

Structural Elements III: Pteruges 35

Structural Elements IV: Scales, Bands, and Belts 37

Decorative Elements I: Painted Designs 41

Decorative Elements II: Color 46

Distinctive Aspects of Etruscan Type IV Armor 51

3 What Material Was Used to Make Type IV Armor? 57

Leather versus Linen Construction 57

Sewn versus Laminated Construction 64

Composite Construction 68

4 Reconstructing the Linothorax 73

Developing a Basic Pattern 73

Fabrics and Glues 77

The Lamination Process 81

Heroic Nudity and Armor Length 85

Decoration 88

Thickness 89

5 Arrow Test Methodology and Materials 91

Arrow Test Rationale 91

Test Patches 93

Arrows and Bows 94

Arrow Test Procedure 98

6 Arrow Test Results 103

General Observations 103

Less Significant Test Variables 106

Hand-Produced versus Modern Linens 107

Laminated versus Sewn and Quilted 108

Different Arrowheads 111

Depth of Penetration and Lethality of Injury 113

Angled Shots 115

Test Results Compared to Ancient Source Testimony 117

Testing Other Types of Attacks 119

Arrow versus Unarmored Warrior 120

Arrow versus Test Patch: Test Result Tables 121

Linen versus Metal Armor 125

7 Wearability Issues 129

Potential Vulnerability to Moisture 129

Waterproofing Experiments 133

Durability and Repair 138

Range of Motion, Mobility, and Fit 142

Heat, Weight, and Endurance 145

8 Economic and Social Considerations 149

Labor Required to Construct a Linothorax 149

The Cost of Linen Armor 152

Cost and Availability of Leather versus Linen 153

Large-Scale Production 159

Gender Issues 160

Conclusion 166

Appendix: Database of Visual Sources for Type IV Armor 169

Black-Figure Vases 170

White-Ground Technique Vases 174

Red-Figure Vases 175

Stone Sculptures and Reliefs 195

Terracotta Sculptures and Reliefs 199

Metal Objects 201

Paintings 206

Notes 201

Bibliography 255

Index 267

Color illustrations follow page 86

What People are Saying About This

John W. I. Lee

Aldrete, Bartell, and Aldrete present innovative, fascinating research that reshapes our understanding of ancient Greek warfare.

From the Publisher

Aldrete, Bartell, and Aldrete present innovative, fascinating research that reshapes our understanding of ancient Greek warfare.
—John W. I. Lee, University of California, Santa Barbara

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