Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction 1
2 History of Mobile Telecommunications 5
2.1 First Generation 5
2.1.1 Introduction 5
2.1.2 AMPS 6
2.1.3 TACS 7
2.1.4 NMT 7
2.1.5 C-NETZ 8
2.1.6 Radiocom2000 8
2.1.7 Japanese Systems 8
2.1.8 Summary 9
2.2 Second Generation 9
2.2.1 Introduction 9
2.2.2 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) 10
2.2.3 Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS) 13
2.2.4 Code Division Multiple Access (IS-95 CDMA) 14
2.2.5 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) 16
2.2.6 Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network (iDEN) 16
2.2.7 Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) 17
2.3 Third Generation 17
2.3.1 Introduction 17
2.3.2 3GPP 18
2.3.3 3GPP2 22
2.4 Conclusions 26
References 28
3 Overview of a Modern 4G Telecommunications System 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 LTE-A System Architecture 29
3.3 LTE RAN 30
3.4 OFDM Air Interface 31
3.5 Evolved Packer Core 33
3.6 LTE Requirements 33
3.7 LTE-Advanced 40
3.8 LTE-A in Release 11 44
References 45
4 OFDMA 47
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 OFDM Principles 51
4.3 LTE Uplink-SC-FDMA 56
4.4 Summary of OFDMA 57
References 58
5 Air Interface; Physical Layer 59
5.1 Introduction 59
5.2 Physical Layer-General 60
5.3 Physical-Layer Processing 62
5.3.1 CRC Insertion 63
5.3.2 Channel Coding 64
5.3.3 Physical-Layer Hybrid-ARQ Processing 68
5.3.4 Rate Matching and Channel Interleaving 69
5.3.5 Scrambling 70
5.3.6 Modulation 71
5.3.7 Layer Mapping and Precoding 75
5.3.8 Mapping to Assigned Resources and Antenna Ports 76
5.4 Physical Channels in LTE-A 76
5.4.1 Downlink Physical Channels 77
5.4.2 Uplink Physical Channels 80
5.5 Physical Layer Signals 81
5.5.1 Downlink Signals 81
5.5.2 Uplink Signals 85
5.6 Summary 86
References 86
6 Air Interface: Protocol Stack 89
6.1 Introduction 89
6.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) 90
6.2.1 MAC-General 90
6.2.2 Transport Channels 96
6.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) 99
6.3.1 RLC-General 99
6.3.2 RLC Functions 101
6.3.3 Logical Channels 102
6.4 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 105
6.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 108
6.5.1 Introduction 108
6.5.2 UE States 108
6.5.3 RRC Functions 110
References 123
7 Radio Access Network 125
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 E-UTRAN Architecture 125
7.3 eNodeB 127
7.3.1 eNodeB Introduction 127
7.3.2 eNodeB Functionality 128
7.4 Home eNodeB 134
7.4.1 Introduction 134
7.4.2 Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) 136
7.4.3 HeNB Mobility 137
7.4.4 HeNB Gateway 137
7.4.5 Traffic Offloading 137
7.5 Relay Node 142
References 145
8 Core Network; Evolved Packet Core 147
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Architecture 148
8.2.1 Mobility Management Entity 148
8.2.2 Serving GW 150
8.2.3 Packet Data Network Gateway 150
8.2.4 Home Subscriber Server 151
8.2.5 Evolved Serving Mobile Location Center 151
8.2.6 Gateway Mobile Location Center 155
8.2.7 Policy Control and Charging Rules Function 155
8.3 EPC Interfaces and Protocols 155
8.3.1 EPC Control Plane 155
8.3.2 EPC User Plane 160
8.3.3 Summary of EPC Interfaces 162
References 166
9 Procedures 169
9.1 Introduction 169
9.2 Cell Search 169
9.3 Random Access 171
9.4 Tracking Area Update 174
9.5 Initial Context Setup 179
9.6 Handover (X2 interface) 182
9.7 CSG Inbound HO 186
9.8 SI Release Procedure 189
9.9 Dedicated Bearer Activation 191
References 193
10 Specifications 195
10.1 Introduction 195
10.2 Internal Structure 195
10.2.1 TSG RAN 197
10.2.2 TSG SA 199
10.2.3 TSG CT 200
10.2.4 TSG GERAN 201
10.2.5 Mobile Competence Center (MCC) 202
10.3 Standardization Process 202
10.3.1 Introduction 202
10.3.2 Work Items 202
10.3.3 Version Numbering 204
10.3.4 Releases 205
10.3.5 Development Cycle 209
10.4 Specification Numbering 210
10.5 Backwards Compatibility 211
10.6 E-UTRAN Specifications 212
References 214
11 LTE-A Features 215
11.1 Energy Saving 215
11.2 MIMO 219
11.2.1 MIMO Overview 219
11.2.2 Downlink MIMO 221
11.2.3 Uplink MIMO 224
11.3 Relays 224
11.4 Carrier Aggregation 226
11.5 Enhanced Intercell Interference Coordination 229
11.6 Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 233
11.7 Self-Organizing Networks 235
11.7.1 Automatic Neighbour Relations (ANR) 235
11.7.2 Mobililty Load Balancing (MLB) 235
11.7.3 Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) 235
11.7.4 Coverage and Capacity Optimization 236
11.7.5 RAACH Optimization Function 236
11.7.6 Coordination Between Various SON Functions 236
11.8 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/Reception 236
11.8.1 Downlink CoMP 237
11.8.2 Uplink CoMP 238
11.9 LTE and Voice 238
References 241
12 Future Developments 243
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 Evolving LTE-A 244
12.2.1 Proximity Services 244
12.2.2 Machine-Type Communications 248
12.2.3 Mobile Relays 251
12.2.4 Heterogeneous Networks 255
12.3 The Fifth Generation 257
12.3.1 Introduction 257
12.3.2 New Air Interface 258
12.3.3 Bandwidth 259
12.3.4 Network Architecture 261
12.3.5 Multiple Antennas 262
12.3.6 Support for M2M Communications 263
12.3.7 Other Improvements 264
12.4 METIS Project 265
References 268
Appendix: LTE and LTE-A Specifications 269
About the Author 277
Index 279
