Table of Contents
Executive Summary: Findings & Recommendations xi
0.1 Discontinuities xi
0.2 Planners as Individuals xiv
0.3 Overall Competence xv
0.4 Recomended Research xvii
0.5 The Planning Process in a Nutshell xviii
Introduction A. Denis Clift xxi
Part 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Intent 2
Chapter 2 Scope 3
Chapter 3 Sources 5
Part 2 The Case Studies 7
Chapter 4 Learning to Deceive Cases 1-22 8
Chapter 5 Planners in Specific Operations Cases 23-64 58
Chapter 6 Selling the Commander Cases 65-76 127
Chapter 7 Institutional Deception Planning Cases 77-88 148
Part 3 Analysis & Conclusions 179
Chapter 8 The Planning Process 180
8.1 The Basic Process 180
8.2 The Things Manipulated 182
Chapter 9 Social/Institutional Factors: Networks, Institutions, & Traditions 184
9.1 Policy Constraints and the Supreme Command 184
9.2 Commanders and Their Staffs 185
9.3 Intelligence or Operations? 186
9.4 Level of Operations: The Tactical-Strategic Continuum 188
9.5 Enemy Capabilities & SOP 189
Chapter 10 Cultural Factors 190
10.1 Ethical Constraints 190
10.2 Deception and National Character 191
10.3 National Military Doctrines 191
10.4 The "Not Invented Here" Syndrome & Its Alternatives 193
Chapter 11 Personality Factors 194
11.1 Tie Maria Theresa Syndrome; Break the Rules to Make Your Own 195
11.2 The Pleasures of Deceiving: An Odd Sense of Humor 197
11.3 The Empathic Mind: Know Your Enemy 200
11.4 The Prepared Mind: Know Your Subject 205
Chapter 12 Selection of Deception Personnel 206
12.1 Prior Experience 206
12.2 Selection 207
12.3 Teaching & Training 209
Appendices 210
Appendix A "Guidelines for Deception of the Enemy," 15 February 1941, Basic German Strategic Deception Plan for Operation BARBAROSSA (invasion of Russia) 211
Appendix B Chronology of 67 Further German Barbarossa Deception Plans, 1941 215
Appendix C Plan CLOAK, 25 January 1945, British Tactical Deception Plan against Japanese in Burma, February 1945 216
Appendix D Checklist of Other Deception Plans 222
Bibliography 224
List of Cases: Cases 1-88 in order presented 241
