The 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East was held in Rome in April 2008, after the editions of Rome 1998, Copenhagen 2000, Paris 2002, Berlin 2004, Madrid 2006. The ICAANE is now the official forum of Near Eastern Archaeology from the Neolithic to the Islamic period, and the 6th edition witnessed the presence of more than 550 scholars from nearly 30 Countries in the world. In these Proceedings, besides the key lectures by J.-Cl. Margueron, N. al-Mutawalli Mahmud, F. Pinnock, D. Whitcomb, and T.J. Wilkinson, communications and posters dealing with the four traditional themes of the Congress are published: the main field activities from the Levant to Iran, archaeological problems, mostly of interdisciplinary nature, concerning the history of studies, anthropological perspectives, and historical-artistic subjects.