Table of Contents

1 Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants: A Review of Terminology, Biogeographic patterns, Ecological Correlates, and Phylogenetic Approaches.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Terminology.- 1.3 Incidence of Dioecy.- 1.4 Importance of Phylogenetic Approaches.- 1.5 Using Phylogenies to Understand Process and Pattern.- 1.6 Conclusions.- References.- 2 Theories of the Evolution of Dioecy.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Importance of Theoretical Models.- 2.3 Pathways to Dioecy.- 2.4 Theoretical Relationships Between Allocation of Reproductive Resources and Invasion of Populations by New Sex Morphs.- 2.5 Testing the Theory.- 2.6 Conclusions.- 2.7 References.- 3 Empirical Studies: Evolution and Maintenance of Dimorphic Breeding Systems.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Evolutionary Pathways to Gender Dimorphism.- 3.3 Maintenance of Gender Dimorphism in Natural Populations.- 3.4 Directions for Future Research.- 3.5 Conclusions.- References.- 4 Theories of the Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Models of Sexual Dimorphism.- 4.3 The Biology of Sexual Dimorphism.- 4.4 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Sexual Dimorphism in Flowers and Inflorescences.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Patterns.- 5.3 Evolutionary Hypotheses.- 5.4 Conclusions.- References.- 6 Sexual Dimorphism in Live History.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Predictions Based on Sex-Differential Reproductive Investment.- 6.3 Patterns of Sexual Dimorphism in Life-History Traits.- 6.4 Factors Offsetting Between-Sex Differences in the Cost of Reproduction.- 6.5 The Contrary Case of Silene latifolia.- 6.6 Conclusions.- References.- 7 Dimorphism in Physiology and Morphology.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 History of Studies on Sexual Dimorphism in Plants.- 7.3 Sexual Dimorphism in Plant Form and Function in Species with SSS.- 7.4 Sexual Dimorphism in Plant Form and Function in Species Without SSS.- 7.5 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- 8 Sexual Dimorphism and Biotic Interactions.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Sexual Differences in Competitive Ability.- 8.3 Sexual Differences in Herbivory.- 8.4 Sexual Differences in Parasitism.- 8.5 General Discussion.- References.- 9 Genetics of Gender Dimorphism in Higher Plants.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Monoecious Plants.- 9.3 Multigenic gender determination systems in dioecious plants.- 9.4 Expression of MADS-box genes in unisexual flowers.- 9.5 Conclusions.- References.- 10 Quantitative Genetics of Sexual Dimorphism.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Quantitative Genetic Models of Sexual Dimorphism.- 10.3 Integration of Quantitative Genetics with Sexual Selection.- 10.4 Correlated Evolution and Divergence of Male and Female Traits in Dioecious Plants.- 10.5 Correlated Evolution and Divergence of Male and Female Function in Hermaphroditic Plants.- 10.6 Conclusions.- 10.7 References.- Taxonomic Index.