Table of Contents

List of illustrations vii

Some explanatory notes xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Abbreviations xvi

Introduction 1

1 The industry before 1949 8

Development by foreign interests 8

Production 9

Financing 18

Transport 20

Consumption 23

The pre-1949 legacy 25

2 Mao's adaptation of Soviet central planning: effects on the industry 27

Soviet central planning applied to the Chinese coal industry 27

Socialism with Chinese characteristics: Mao's frustration with central planning 35

3 Economic assessment of the industry on the eve of the reform and opening up programme 52

Production 52

Financing 76

Transport 87

Consumption 93

Summary 107

4 The industry and Deng's reforms 110

Introduction 110

The speeches and writings of Coal Minister Gao Yangwen, 1979-85 111

Production 112

Financing 124

Transport 130

Consumption 133

5 Central planning in the industry giving way to marketization 136

Introduction 136

The Seventh Five Year Plan: 1986-90 141

The Eighth Five Year Plan: 1991-95 151

The Ninth Five Year Plan: 1996-2000 161

6 Economic assessment of the industry after twenty years of reforms 176

Production 176

Financing 224

Transport 257

Consumption 264

7 Retrospect and prospect 297

Retrospect 297

Prospect 303

Epilogue 315

Notes 320

Bibliography 373

Index 403