Table of Contents

Foreword.

1 An Overview.

Section 1: Historical and Ethical Perspectives.

2 “Seeing” the Placebo Effect: Historical Legacies and Present Opportunities.

3 Ethical Issues in Use of Placebo in Medical Practice and Clinical Trials.

Section 2: Elucidating Placebo Effects: Explanatory Mechanisms.

4 Explanatory Mechanisms for Placebo Effects: Cultural Influences and the Meaning Response.

5 Explanatory Mechanisms for Placebo Effects: Cognition, Personality and Social Learning.

6 Explanatory Mechanisms for Placebo Effects: Pavlovian Conditioning.

7 Regression to the Mean or Placebo Effect?.

Section 3: Elucidating Placebo Effects: Intervening Psychophysiology.

8 Neuriendocrine Meidators of Placebo Effects on Immunity.

9 Endogenous Opioid and Non-Opioid Pathways as Mediators of Placebno Analgesia.

Section 4: Use of Placebo Groups in Clinical Trials-Methodological and Ethical Issues.

10 Placebo controlled Trials and Active Controlled Trials: Ethics and Inference.

11 When is it Appropriate to Use a Placebo Arm in a Trial?.

12 The Pros and Cons of Non-Inferiority (Equivalence) Trials.

13 Use of Placebo in Large-Scale, Pragmatic Trials.

14 Placebo Controls in Clinical Trials of New Therapies for Conditions for which there are Known Effective Treatments.

Section 5: Priorities for Future Research.

15 The Research and Ethical Agenda.

Section 6: Conclusions and Future Directions.

16 Conclusions and Future Directions.

Appendix.

Index.