Table of Contents
Preface v
Laboratory Safety vii
Laboratory Safety Agreement viii
Part 1 Basic Microbiology 1
Introduction to Microbiology 1
1 Ubiquity of Microorganisms 3
2 Pure Culture and Aseptic Technique 9
3 Introduction to the Compound Light Microscope 17
4 The Oil Immersion Lens 23
Introduction to Staining of Microorganisms 29
5 Simple Stains: Positive and Negative-Stains 31
6 Differential and Other Special Stains 37
Introduction to Microbial Growth 45
7 Chemically Defined, Complex, Selective, and Differential Media 47
8 Quantification of Microorganisms 51
Introduction to the Environment and Microbial Growth 59
9 Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth 61
10 The Effect of Incubation Temperature on Generation Time 65
Introduction to Control of Microbial Growth 73
11 Moist and Dry Heat Sterilization: Thermal Death Point and Thermal Death Time 75
12 Control of Microbial Growth with Ultraviolet Light 87
13 Changes in Osmotic Pressure Due to Salt and Sugar and Their Effects on Microbial Growth 95
14 Antibiotics 103
15 Antiseptics and Disinfectants 109
Introduction to Microbial Genetics 115
16 Selection of Bacterial Mutants Resistant to Antibiotics 117
17 Transformation: A Form of Genetic Recombination 123
18 Gene Regulation: Induction and Catabolite Repression 129
Part 2 The Other Microbial World 135
Introduction to the Other Microbial World 135
19 Microscopic Identification of Fungi 139
20 Parasitology: Protozoa and Helmindis 155
21 Titering Prokaryotic Viruses 171
Part 3 Microbes and Humans 179
Introduction to Medical Microbiology 179
22 Normal Skin Biota 181
23 Streptococci and Respiratory Microorganisms 189
24 Identification of Enteric Gram-Negative Rods 197
25 Clinical Unknown Identification 207
Part 4 Immunology 15
Introduction to Some Immunological Principles and Techniques 215
26 Differential White Blood Cell Stains 217
27 Lysozyme, an Enzyme Contributing to Innate Immunity 223
28 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 229
Part 5 Public Health 235
Introduction to the Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases 235
29 Bacteriological Examination of Water: Multiple-Tube Fermentation and Membrane Filter Techniques 237
30 Epidemiology 251
Part 6 Applications of Biotechnology 255
Introduction to Biotechnology 255
31 Identifying DNA with Restriction Enzymes and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 257
32 Electrophoresis 265
33 Identification of Bacteria Using the Ribosomal Database Project 271
34 Microarray 277
Part 7 Individual Projects 283
Introduction to the Individual Projects 283
35 Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria: Cleaning Up after Oil Spills 285
36 Luminescent Bacteria: Bacteria That Produce Light 289
Appendices
1 Culture Media and Reagent Formulas 291
2 Living Microorganisms (Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, and Helminths) Chosen for Study in This Manual 295
3 Dilution Practice Problems 296
4 Alternative Procedures 298
5 Use of the Ocular Micrometer for Measurement of Relative and Absolute Cell Size 300
6 History and Working Principles of Light Microscopy 302
Index 305
