Table of Contents
1 Introduction1.1 Background
1.1.1 Objections to folk linguistic study
1.1.1.1 Impoverishment of data
1.1.1.2 Inaccessibility of data
1.1.2 Folk linguistic awareness
1.1.2.1 Communicative primacy
1.1.2.2 Prescription
I.1.iii The position of folk linguistics
1.2 Methodology and fieldwork
2 Regionalism
2.1 A survey of earlier studies
2.1.1 Hand-drawn maps
2.1.2 Correct and pleasant
2.1.3 Degree of dialect difference
2.1.4 Placement of regional voices
2.1.5 Summary of previous research
2.2 Conversational evidence
2.2.1 Prescription and region
2.2.2 Acquisition and loss
2.2.3 Intelligibility
2.2.4 Specific features
2.2.5 A regional summary
3 Social factors
3.1 Ethnicity
3.1.1 African-American
3.1.2 Other
3.2 Status
3.3 Style, slang, register, and taboo
3.3.1 Styles and style-shifting
3.3.2 Slang
3.3.3 Register
3.3.4 Taboo
3.4 Gender
3.4.1 Sex and standard English
3.4.2 Powerlessness
3.4.3 Other factors
4 Language acquisition and applied linguistics
4.1 First language acquisition
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Acquisition proper
4.1.2.1 The forces influencing the first-language learner
4.1.2.2 The stages of acquisition
4.1.3 Language socialization
4.1.3.1 The general concerns
4.1.3.2 Modeling and correction
4.1.4 Varia
4.2 Language and education
4.2.1 Spelling, reading, and writing
4.2.2 Grammar and standard language
4.2.2.1 Explicit instruction
4.2.2.2 Upholding the standard
4.2.3 AAVE (African-American Vernacular English) and language education
4.2.4 Bilingual education
4.3 Second language acquisition
4.3.1 Structure
4.3.1.1 Phonology
4.3.1.2 Morphology
4.3.1.3 Syntax
4.3.1.4 Idiom and communicative competence
4.3.1.5 Degree of difficulty
4.3.1.6 Comprehension
4.3.2 Other conditions for learning and use
4.3.3 Results
4.3.3.1 Prescription and style
4.3.3.2 Accent
4.3.4 Social factors
4.3.5 The learner
5 General and descriptive linguistics
5.1 Phonology
5.2 Lexicon
5.3 Syntax
5.3.1 Folk grammaticality
5.3.2 The passive
6 The last words
6.1 Metalanguage 1
6.2 Metalanguage 2
6.3 The discourse prospect
