Table of Contents

1 Biology of Aging: Retrospect and Prospect.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Past Research Activities.- 3. Theories on Mechanisms of Aging.- 4. Present Research Activities.- 5. The Immune System, a Cellular and Molecular Aging Model par Excellence.- 6. Conclusion 6 References.- 2 Cellular Basis of Immunosenescence.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cellular Environmental Changes.- 3. Cellular Changes.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 The Pathogenic Role of Age-Related Immune Dysfunctions.- 1. The Normal Immune System.- 2. Age-Dependent Immune Dysfunctions.- 3. Age-Related Pathology Due to Immune Dysfunctions.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 4 The Immunoepidemiology of Aging.- 1. Summary.- 2. Introduction.- 3. Age-Associated Changes in Primary Lymphoid Organs.- 4. Age-Associated Changes in Indices of Immunity.- 5. Autoantibodies.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 5 The Thymus and Aging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Thymus and Endocrine Organs.- 3. Morphology of the Aging Thymus.- 4. The Differentiation Potential of Thymus of Aging Individuals.- 5. The Thymus, Bone Marrow, and Humoral Factors in Aging.- 6. Summary.- References.- 6 Hormones and Aging.- 1. Life Expectancy and Hormonal Environment.- 2. Hormones and the Lymphoid System.- 3. The Impact of Hormones on Aging of the Immune System.- 4. The Impact of Hormone-Lymphocyte Relationship on the Aging Processes.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Genetic, Developmental, and Evolutionary Aspects of Life Span.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evolutionary Aspects of Longevity.- 3. Morphogenesis, Cell Program, and Life Span.- 4. Life Shortening Disease States.- 5. Immunogenetic Aspects of Aging.- 6. Summary.- References.- 8 Suppressor Cells in Aging.- 1. Immunological Tolerance.- 2. Antigen Competition.- 3. Effects of Mitogens.- 4. Response to“Thymus Independent Antigens”.- 5. Delayed Type Hypersensitivity.- 6. Esoteria.- 7. Immunoregulation.- 8. The NZB Paradox.- 9. Defining T Cell Subsets Using Antisera Directed Against Ly Differentiation Antigens.- 10. Conclusion.- References.- 9 Attempts to Correct Age-Related Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity by Cellular and Dietary Manipulation in Inbred Mice.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Histopathology of Autoimmunity Susceptible Mice and Neonatally Thymectomized Mice and Rabbits.- 3. Cellular Engineering to Correct Immunodeficiency, Wasting Disease, and Autoimmunity in Neonatally Thymectomized Mice.- 4. Prevention of Immunodeficiency by Thymus Transplants.- 5. Reversal of Autoimmunity Disease by Cellular Engineering.- 6. Prevention or Delay of Age-Associated Autoimmunity by Genetic Manipulation.- 7. The Decline of Immunologic Vigor with Aging in NZB Mice.- 8. Analysis of Age-Related Immunodeficiencies by Cell Transfer to Irradiated Hosts.- 9. Host Environmental Factors and Aging.- 10. Ecotaxopathy with Aging.- 11. Influence of Nutrition on Decline of Immunity with Aging in NZB Mice.- 12. Increased Longevity of (NZB x NZW)F1 Mice with Calorie Restriction 128 References.- 10 High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy and Its Application to Research on Immunity and Aging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sem Techniques.- 3. Cell-Cell Interactions.- 4. Distribution of Specific Receptors on the Surfaces of Young and Senescent Cells.- 5. Membrane Events Following Ligand-Receptor Interaction.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 11 Immunological Responsiveness and Aging Phenomena in Germfree Mice.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immune Response in Germfree Mice.- 3. Aging in Germfree Mice.- 4. Aging in Immune Deficient Germfree Mice.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 12 CongenitallyAthymic (Nude) Mice and Their Application to the Study of Immunity and Aging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nature of the Primary Defect.- 3. Natural History of the Nude Mouse.- 4. Immunology of the Nude Mouse.- 5. Diseases Associated with Aging.- 6. Application of the Knowledge of the Nude Mouse to the Aging Problem.- References.- 13 Immunoengineering: Prospects for Correction of Age-Related Immunodeficiency States.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nutritional Manipulation, Life Span, and Immune Function.- 3. Internal Body Temperature, Aging, and Immune Function.- 4. Reconstitution Experiments with Injected or Grafted Lymphoid Cells.- 5. Thymic Humoral Factors.- 6. Polynucleotides.- References.- Abbreviations.