Table of Contents

, Preface1. The Relevance of Understanding Human Behavioral EvolutionTheories and Hypotheses about Behavioral Evolution: Why Are They Relevant?, Evolution Is Frequently Misunderstood, We Need to Understand Who We Are, Practical Issues such as Medicine and Public Health Can Benefit from an Understanding of Behavioral Evolution, Misunderstanding Human Behavioral Evolution Can Result in Potentially Dangerous IdeasA Simple Example of Behavioral Evolution, Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Selection, Development, Why Give This Example?2. Why We Behave Like Humans: Historical Perspectives and Basal AssumptionsCharles Darwin and the Descent of ManAlfred Russel Wallace and the Evolution of the MindBetween Darwin and Sociobiology, Spencer, Baldwin, and Morgan: Biology, Psychology, and the Behavioral Evolution of the Human Mind, The Modern Synthesis, Washburns' New Physical Anthropology, and the Emergence of an Evolutionary Anthropology of Behavior, Tinbergen's Four Questions and Their Impact on the Understanding of BehaviorThe Revolution of Sociobiology, Kin Selection, and Selfish Genes: The New Synthesis, Hamilton and Kin Selection, Robert Trivers and Reciprocal Altruism, E.O. Wilson, Evolutionary Sociobiology and the Autocatalysis Model, Dawkins and the Selfish GeneSuggested Readings3. Modern Perspectives for Understanding Human Behavioral Evolution: A Review of Basic Assumptions, Structures, and PracticeHuman Behavioral Ecology, Basic Overview of HBEEvolutionary PsychologyThe Adapted Mind, Goals and Methods, Contrast with SSSM Specific ApproachGene-Culture Coevolution (or Dual Inheritance Theory)MemeticsSumming UpSuggested Readings4. Basic Bones and Stones: What Do We Know About the Record of Human Evolution (as of 2008)?Comparative Primatology Establishes a Baseline for Human BehaviorVery Brief Summary of Human Fossil Record (~5mya-present), The Early Australopithecines, The Pleistocene HomininsThe Genus HomoVery Brief Summary of the Cultural Record and Behavioral Inferences (~2.6mya-present), Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene Forms, Pleistocene Hominins—Early, Pleistocene Hominins—LateSuggested Readings5. A Survey of Hypotheses and Proposals of Why We Behave Like HumansWhy Select These Proposals? Summaries of Specific Hypotheses/ProposalsSuggested Readings6. Discussing the ProposalsThe Comparison TablesA Brief Discussion on Shared Components and Differences in the Six Basic Categories, Cooperation, Conflict, Food, Environmental and Ecological Pressures, Sex and Reproduction, Specific Behavioral FactorsOf Trends and PatternsSuggested Readings7. Twenty-First Century Evolutionary Theory/Biology and Thinking about the Evolution of Human BehaviorAdding to Our Toolkit—Using Four Dimensions of EvolutionRevisiting Tinbergen's Ontogenetic "Why"Four Other Approaches in Evolutionary Biology/Theory, Phenotypic Plasticity and Ecological Impact/Context: Moving Beyond Norms of Reaction, Developmental Systems Theory, Niche Construction, Biocultural Approaches to Studying Modern HumansCan Adding These Perspectives to Existing Practice (as Outlined in Chapters 2 and 3) Impact the Way We Formulate and Test Hypotheses/Conceptualizations of Human Behavioral Evolution?, What Practices and Perspectives Should Be Removed or De-emphasized?, What Practices and/or Perspectives Cross All of These Categories?, What Perspectives Should Be Expanded?Suggested Readings8. A Synthesis and Prospectus for Examining Human Behavioral EvolutionA Set of Modest Proposals Emerging from Chapters 1 to 7: Seeking the Broad and the Minute FociLooking at the Areas of Overlap and Interest from Chapter 6, Cooperation Commonalities, Cooperation Factors that Deserve Further Examination, Conflict Commonalities, Conflict Factors that Deserve Further Examination, Diet/Food Commonalities, Diet/Food Factors that Deserve Further Examination, Ecology/Environment Commonalities, Ecology/Environment Factors that Deserve Further Examination Sex/Reproduction Commonalities:, Sex/Reproduction Factors that Deserve Further Examination, Specific Behavior Commonalities, Specific Behavior Factors that Deserve Further ExaminationA Modest Proposal for a General Framework of Our Evolutionary History, Between Approximately 2 Million Years and 500,000 Years Ago, 500,000-45,000 Years Ago (Give or Take 10,000 Years), 45,000 Years Ago Through Today9. Problem of Being a Modern Human and Looking at Our EvolutionBenefits and Flaws in this Prospectus, Merging Approaches and Perspectives, How Do We Test This and Why Are Testable Hypotheses Important?The Difficulties We Encounter When Reconstructing Our Evolutionary Path and Its Underlying Causes/Patterns, Basic Educational and Paradigmatic Biases and the Problems These Bring, Human Niche Construction Matters, Everyday Life, Gender, and Cultural Anthropology MatterEpilogue: Anthropology, Science, and PeopleSome Notes on the Value of Integrative Anthropological ApproachesGetting Past Conflicts between Researchers Studying Human Behavioral EvolutionThe Importance of Understanding the Relationships between Religion, Science, Politics, and Explanations for the Evolution of Humanity, Appendix: Related Titles for Further Reference, Glossary, Bibliography, Index