Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions / Edition 1 available in Paperback
Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions / Edition 1
- ISBN-10:
- 0201775948
- ISBN-13:
- 9780201775945
- Pub. Date:
- 01/30/2003
- Publisher:
- Pearson Education
- ISBN-10:
- 0201775948
- ISBN-13:
- 9780201775945
- Pub. Date:
- 01/30/2003
- Publisher:
- Pearson Education
Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions / Edition 1
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Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780201775945 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Pearson Education |
| Publication date: | 01/30/2003 |
| Series: | Addison-Wesley Signature Series (Fowler) |
| Edition description: | New Edition |
| Pages: | 352 |
| Product dimensions: | 7.40(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.00(d) |
About the Author
0
Read an Excerpt
Many excellent books have been written on software architecture. These books, which, among other things, define, classify, and describe software architectures, define notations for representing and communicating architectural choices, and provide guidance on making good architectural decisions, have enduring value. Unfortunately, while these books may help you build a successful architecture, they fall short of the goal of helping you create a winning solution. To create a winning solution, you need to move beyond subsystems and interfaces, beyond architectural patterns such as Front Controller or Pipes and Filters, and beyond creating third-normal-form relational databases. You need to move beyond software architecture and move toward understanding and embracing the business issues that must be resolved in order to create a winning solution.
An example of one such business issue concerns technical support. It is inevitable that some of your customers are going to have a problem with your software. The choices you've made long ago in such areas as log file design, how the system is integrated with other systems, how the system is configured, or how the system is upgraded will determine how well you can solve their problems. Beyond Software Architecture helps you move beyond software architecture and toward creating winning solutions by discussing a wide range of business issues and their interrelationship with architectural choices.
This book presents a unique perspective that is motivated and informed by my experiences in creating single-user programs costing less than $50; software systems used in academic research; utilities to diagnose and fix problems associated with internally developed systems; and distributed, enterprise-class platforms costing millions of dollars. Along the way, I've played a variety of roles. I've been an individual contributor, a direct manager, and a senior member of the corporate executive staff. At various times I've either worked in or led engineering, product marketing and management, quality assurance, technical publications, and first- and second-line support organizations. I've managed teams and projects across multiple cities and continents.
The common thread tying all of this software together is that it was created to provide value to some person. Research software, for example, serves the needs of the researchers who are trying to understand some phenomena. Enterprise application software, dealing with everything from customers to supply-chain management, is designed to serve the needs of a well-defined set of users and the businesses that license it in a sustainably profitable manner. Similar comments apply to every other kind of software, from games to personal contact managers, inventory management systems to graphic design tools.
The issues identified and discussed in this book affect every kind of software. Their presentation and discussion occur most often in the context of enterprise application software, where I have spent most of my professional career. While they have no universally accepted definition, enterprise applications typically meet one or more of the following characteristics:
- They are designed to support the needs of a business, at either a departmental or larger organizational unit.
- They are relatively expensive to build or license ($50,000-$5,000,000 and up).
- They have complex deployment and operational requirements.
- They can be operated independently, but the needs of the business are often best served when they are integrated with other enterprise applications.
Even if you're not creating an enterprise application, you will find this book useful. Creating sustainable software solutions—meeting customer needs over a long period of time through multiple releases—is a challenging, enjoyable, and rewarding endeavor, certainly not limited to the domain of enterprise applications!
Although I will often refer to software architecture and discuss technical matters, my discussions won't focus on such things as the best ways to diagram or document your architecture or the deeper design principles associated with creating robust, distributed Web-based component systems. As I said earlier, there are plenty of books that address these topics—in fact, almost too many, with the unfortunate side-effect that many people become so focused on technical details that they lose sight of the business value they're trying to provide.
Instead of concentrating on purely technical choices, Beyond Software Architecture helps you create and sustain truly winning solutions by focusing on the practical, nuts-and-bolts choices that must be made by the development team in a wide variety of areas. I have found that focusing on practical matters, such as how you should identify a release or integrate branding elements into your solution, reduces the often artificial barriers that can exist between developers and the business and marketing people with whom they work.
These barriers prevent both groups from creating winning solutions. I cringe when engineers take only a technology view without due consideration of business issues, or when marketing people make "get-me-this-feature" demands without due consideration of their underlying technical ramifications. When either side takes a position without due consideration of its impact, the likelihood of creating and sustaining a winning solution drops dramatically.
What is especially troubling is that these arguments seem to be made in support of the idea that technical issues can somehow be separated from business issues, or that business issues can somehow be separated from technical issues. At best this is simply wrong; at worst it can be a recipe for disaster. Developers are routinely asked to endure the hardships of design extremes, such as a low-memory footprint, in order to reduce total system cost. Entire companies are started to compete in existing markets because investors are convinced that one or more technological breakthroughs will provide the competitive advantage necessary for success. Not surprisingly, investors are even more eager to invest when the technological breakthrough is accompanied by a similar breakthrough in the business model being offered to customers.
Managing the interrelationship between technology and business will be a recurring theme throughout this book. Handle only the former and you might have an interesting technology or, perhaps, an elegant system,—but one that ultimately withers because no one is using it. Handle only the latter and you'll have a paper solution that excites lots of people and may even get you funding—but one that doesn't deliver any sustainable value. Handle both and you'll have a winning solution. While creating new technologies or elegant systems can be fun, and designing sophisticated new software applications or business models can be exciting, both pale in comparison to the deep satisfaction that comes from creating winning solutions and sustaining them.
Table of Contents
Foreword by Martin Fowler.Foreword by Guy Kawasaki.
Preface.
1. Software Architecture.
Defining Software Architecture.
Alternative Thoughts on Software Architecture.
Subsystems Are Designed to Manage Dependencies.
Subsystems Are Designed According to Human Motivations and Desires.
Give in to Great Architectures.
Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beholder!
Why Software Architecture Matters.
Longevity.
Stability.
Degree and Nature of Change
Profitability.
Social Structure.
Boundaries Defined.
Sustainable, Unfair Advantage.
Creating an Architecture.
Patterns and Architecture.
Architectural Evolution and Maturation: Features versus Capabilities.
Architectural Care and Feeding.
Technological Currency.
Technological Debt.
Known Bugs.
License Compliance.
Principles First, Second, and Third.
Encapsulation.
Interfaces.
Loose Coupling.
Appropriate Granularity.
High Cohesion.
Parameterization.
Deferral.
Creating Architectural Understanding.
The Team.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
2. Product Development Primer.
What Is Product Management?
Why Product Management Matters.
Product Development Processes: Creating Release 1.0.
Concept Proposal.
Product Proposal/Business Plan.
Development Plan.
Development.
Final Quality Assurance.
Prelaunch.
Launch.
It Isn't Like That.
It Is a Waterfall Process and Those Don't Work.
It Presents All Stages as If They Were of Equal Importance.
It Doesn't Detail Any Time.
Where Is the Iteration?
It Doesn't Prescribe a Development Process.
It Doesn't Identify the Level of Collaboration Between Groups within Stages.
The Business Plan.
Product Development Processes: Creating Release n.n.n.
Augmenting the Product Development Process.
Successive Freezing.
Change Management Protocols.
Recycle Bin.
Crucial Product Management Concepts.
The Four Ps of Marketing.
Total Available Market, Total Addressable Market, and Market @BHEADS = Segmentation.
The S-Shaped Curve of Adoption.
The Whole Product.
Technical versus Market Superiority.
Position and Positioning.
Brand.
The Main Message.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
3. The Difference between Marketecture and Tarchitecture.
Who Is Responsible for What?
Early Forces in Solution Development.
Creating Results in the Short Run while Working in the Long Run.
Projecting the Future.
Harnessing Feedback.
Generating Clarity.
Working in Unison.
Reaching Agreements.
Making Data Available.
Context Diagrams and Target Products.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
4. Business and License Model Symbiosis.
Common Software Business Models.
Time-Based Access or Usage.
Transaction.
Metering.
Hardware.
Services.
Revenue Obtained/Costs Saved.
Rights Associated with Business Models.
Tarchitectural Support for the Business Model.
General Issues.
Time-Based Access or Usage.
Transaction.
Metering.
Hardware.
Enforcing Licensing Models.
The Honor System.
Home-Grown License Managers.
Third-Party or Professional License Managers.
The Client.
Market Maturity Influences on the Business Model.
Choosing a Business Model.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
5. Technology In-Licensing.
Licensing Risks/Rewards.
Contracts—Where the Action Is.
Contract Basics.
License Terms.
When Business Models Collide, Negotiations Ensue.
Honoring License Agreements.
Managing In-Licensed Technology.
Open-Source Licensing.
License Fees.
Licensing Economics.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
6. Portability.
The Perceived Advantages of Portability.
The Business Case for Portability.
Creating Portable Applications.
Use an Interpreted Language.
Use Standards-Based Persistent Storage.
Make Business Logic Portable.
Closer to the User Means Less Portability.
Use XML for Standardized, Interoperable Communications between Subsystems.
Avoid Hiding The Power of a Specific Platform in the Name of Portability.
The Matrix of Pain.
Step 1: Remove Configurations.
Step 2: Rank-Order Configurations.
Step 3: Make the Final Cut.
Beware the Promises You Make.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
7. Deployment Architecture.
Deployment Choices.
Customer Site.
Application Service Provider.
Managed Service Provider.
Transactional (Web Service).
Customer Influences on Deployment Architectures.
Control and Integration.
Data Security/Privacy and Peak Loads.
Costs and Vendor Confidence.
Customer Skills and Experiences and Geographic Distribution.
Corporate Influences on Deployment Architecture.
Sales Cycle.
Infrastructure Investment.
Cash Flow.
Flexibility.
Geographic Distribution.
Service, Not Price.
Choosing a Software Deployment Architecture.
Deployment Architectures and the Distribution of Work.
The Information Appliance.
Deployment Choice Influences on Software Architecture.
Flexible, Parameterized, or No Integration Options.
Upgrade Policies.
Data Protection and Access.
Migration Options.
The Future of Consumer Software.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
8. Integration and Extension.
Customer Control—The Driving Force.
Motivations for Integration/Extension.
Layered Business Architectures: Logical Structures.
The User Interface Layer.
The Services Layer.
The Domain Model Layer.
The Persistent Data Layer.
Variations on a Theme.
Creating Layered Business Architectures.
Integration and Extension at the Business Logic Layers.
Technologies and Locus of Control.
Integration through APIs.
Extension through Registration.
Integration and Extension of Persistent Data.
Views.
User Fields.
Hook Tables.
Spreadsheet Pivot Tables.
Extract, Transform, and Load Scripts.
Tell Them What's Going On.
Business Ramifications.
Professional Services.
Training Programs.
Certification.
User Community.
License Agreements.
Managing APIs Over Multiple Releases.
Techniques.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
9. Brand and Brand Elements.
Brand Elements.
Names.
Graphics, Slogans, and Other Brand Elements.
When to Use the Trademark (™) Symbol.
Managing In-License Brands.
Brand Element Customizations.
Changing Brand Elements.
Product Areas to Change.
QA and Change.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
10. Usability.
Usability Is about Money.
Mental Models, Metaphors, and Usability.
Tarchitectural Influences on User Interface Design.
Areas of Influence.
The Need for Speed.
Let's Be Clear on What We're Talking About.
What a Marketect Really Wants with Respect to Performance.
Responding to the User.
Performance And Tarchitectural Impact.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
11. Installation.
The Out of Box Experience.
Ouch! That Might Hurt.
Customer Fears.
Installation and Architecture.
Forces and Choices.
How to Install.
Installation Data Collection and Precondition Verification.
Installation.
Postinstallation Confirmation.
Finishing Touches.
They Don't Read the Manual.
Test the Install and Uninstall.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
12. Upgrade.
Like Installation, Only Worse.
Upgrade Fears.
Making Upgrades Less Painful.
Choices for Painless Upgrades.
Market Maturity and Upgrades.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
13. Configuration.
Configurability—An Element of Usability.
The System Context.
Contextual Information.
Initialization versus Execution.
Setting the Value.
Setting the Right Value.
Configuration Parameter Heuristics.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
14. Logs.
I Want to Know What's Happening.
Not Just the Facts.
Log Format and Management.
Log Format.
Log Management.
Logging Standards and Libraries.
Postprocessing Log Data.
Logging Services.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
15. Release Management.
Yes, You Really Need This.
Establishing a Baseline.
Release Management.
What You're Releasing.
Who You're Targeting.
Why They Want It.
Release Identification.
Full or Complete Releases
Partial Releases.
Patch Releases.
Variations.
SKUs and Serial Numbers.
SKU Management.
Serial Numbers, Registration, and Activation.
Release Management Influences on Tarchitecture.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
16. Security.
Viruses, Hackers, and Pirates.
Managing Risk.
See No Evil, Speak No Evil.
Digital Identity Management.
Authorization—Defining Who Can Do What.
Authentication—Proof of Identity.
Transaction Security.
Auditability—Proof of Activity.
Integrity—Preventing Tampering and Alteration of Data.
Confidentiality—Keeping Data Away from Those Not Entitled to It.
Accountability—Holding People Responsible for Their Actions.
Software Security.
Software Security Techniques.
Software Security Costs/Benefits.
Information Security.
Secret Algorithms or Secret Keys?
Back Doors.
Security and Marketecture.
Areas of Interaction.
Chapter Summary.
Check This.
Try This.
Appendix A. Release Checklist.
Appendix B. A Pattern Language for Strategic Product Management.
Applying The Patterns.
Capturing the Result.
Market Map.
Market Events/Market Rhythms.
Feature/Benefit Map.
The Tarchitecture Roadmap.
References.
Bibliography.
About the Author.
Index. 0201775948T01212003
Preface
Many excellent books have been written on software architecture. These books, which, among other things, define, classify, and describe software architectures, define notations for representing and communicating architectural choices, and provide guidance on making good architectural decisions, have enduring value. Unfortunately, while these books may help you build a successful architecture, they fall short of the goal of helping you create a winning solution. To create a winning solution, you need to move beyond subsystems and interfaces, beyond architectural patterns such as Front Controller or Pipes and Filters, and beyond creating third-normal-form relational databases. You need to move beyond software architecture and move toward understanding and embracing the business issues that must be resolved in order to create a winning solution.
An example of one such business issue concerns technical support. It is inevitable that some of your customers are going to have a problem with your software. The choices you've made long ago in such areas as log file design, how the system is integrated with other systems, how the system is configured, or how the system is upgraded will determine how well you can solve their problems. Beyond Software Architecture helps you move beyond software architecture and toward creating winning solutions by discussing a wide range of business issues and their interrelationship with architectural choices.
This book presents a unique perspective that is motivated and informed by my experiences in creating single-user programs costing less than $50; software systems used in academic research; utilities to diagnose and fix problems associated with internally developed systems; and distributed, enterprise-class platforms costing millions of dollars. Along the way, I've played a variety of roles. I've been an individual contributor, a direct manager, and a senior member of the corporate executive staff. At various times I've either worked in or led engineering, product marketing and management, quality assurance, technical publications, and first- and second-line support organizations. I've managed teams and projects across multiple cities and continents.
The common thread tying all of this software together is that it was created to provide value to some person. Research software, for example, serves the needs of the researchers who are trying to understand some phenomena. Enterprise application software, dealing with everything from customers to supply-chain management, is designed to serve the needs of a well-defined set of users and the businesses that license it in a sustainably profitable manner. Similar comments apply to every other kind of software, from games to personal contact managers, inventory management systems to graphic design tools.
The issues identified and discussed in this book affect every kind of software. Their presentation and discussion occur most often in the context of enterprise application software, where I have spent most of my professional career. While they have no universally accepted definition, enterprise applications typically meet one or more of the following characteristics:
- They are designed to support the needs of a business, at either a departmental or larger organizational unit.
- They are relatively expensive to build or license ($50,000-$5,000,000 and up).
- They have complex deployment and operational requirements.
- They can be operated independently, but the needs of the business are often best served when they are integrated with other enterprise applications.
Even if you're not creating an enterprise application, you will find this book useful. Creating sustainable software solutions—meeting customer needs over a long period of time through multiple releases—is a challenging, enjoyable, and rewarding endeavor, certainly not limited to the domain of enterprise applications!
Although I will often refer to software architecture and discuss technical matters, my discussions won't focus on such things as the best ways to diagram or document your architecture or the deeper design principles associated with creating robust, distributed Web-based component systems. As I said earlier, there are plenty of books that address these topics—in fact, almost too many, with the unfortunate side-effect that many people become so focused on technical details that they lose sight of the business value they're trying to provide.
Instead of concentrating on purely technical choices, Beyond Software Architecture helps you create and sustain truly winning solutions by focusing on the practical, nuts-and-bolts choices that must be made by the development team in a wide variety of areas. I have found that focusing on practical matters, such as how you should identify a release or integrate branding elements into your solution, reduces the often artificial barriers that can exist between developers and the business and marketing people with whom they work.
These barriers prevent both groups from creating winning solutions. I cringe when engineers take only a technology view without due consideration of business issues, or when marketing people make 'get-me-this-feature' demands without due consideration of their underlying technical ramifications. When either side takes a position without due consideration of its impact, the likelihood of creating and sustaining a winning solution drops dramatically.
What is especially troubling is that these arguments seem to be made in support of the idea that technical issues can somehow be separated from business issues, or that business issues can somehow be separated from technical issues. At best this is simply wrong; at worst it can be a recipe for disaster. Developers are routinely asked to endure the hardships of design extremes, such as a low-memory footprint, in order to reduce total system cost. Entire companies are started to compete in existing markets because investors are convinced that one or more technological breakthroughs will provide the competitive advantage necessary for success. Not surprisingly, investors are even more eager to invest when the technological breakthrough is accompanied by a similar breakthrough in the business model being offered to customers.
Managing the interrelationship between technology and business will be a recurring theme throughout this book. Handle only the former and you might have an interesting technology or, perhaps, an elegant system,—but one that ultimately withers because no one is using it. Handle only the latter and you'll have a paper solution that excites lots of people and may even get you funding—but one that doesn't deliver any sustainable value. Handle both and you'll have a winning solution. While creating new technologies or elegant systems can be fun, and designing sophisticated new software applications or business models can be exciting, both pale in comparison to the deep satisfaction that comes from creating winning solutions and sustaining them.