Table of Contents

Preface 11

Acknowledgments 15

Part I The Birth of Political Psychology

1 Sadat at the Knesset: The Other Walls 19

2 Mental Health Professionals at the Table: Ethical Challenges 27

3 Meeting the Enemy: Acknowledging Anxiety 31

Part II The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Psychological Findings from the 1980-1985 Dialogues

4 Is it Possible for an Israeli to be Afraid? On Not Hearing the Other 39

5 A Visit to "Mont Freud": The Echo and Accordion Phenomena 43

6 President Sadat's Assassination: To Grieve or Not to Grieve? 48

7 The Mountain House Meeting: The Inevitability of "Miniconflicts" 55

8 Palestinian Stones: The Significance of Large-Group Identity 67

Part III The Psychology of Identity and Mourning

9 The Development of Large-Group Identity: The Psychology of "Synthetic Nations" 75

10 Individuals' Responses to Losses: Linking Objects and Linking Phenomena 89

11 The Israeli Withdrawal from Ophira: A Community's Mourning 99

12 Palestinians in Tunisia: Living Symbols 104

Part IV The Psychology of the Soviet Collapse and German Reunification

13 Under the Shadow of Monticello: From Fieldwork to Theory 113

14 The Virgin Mary and Jesus Return to Moscow: The Psychological Effects of Totalitarianism 124

15 The End of the Soviet Union: The Age of Ethnicity and the Psychology of Purification 133

16 The Berlin Wall Falls: The Psychology of Borders, Modern Globalization and Minor Differences 140

17 More Lessons on Large-Group Identity: Trauma, Large-Group Mourning, Entitlement Ideologies, and Time Collapse 155

Part V The Psychology of "Divorce" in the Baltic Republics

18 The Kaunas Meeting: The Need for the Official in Unofficial 173

19 The Riga Meeting: The Role of Purification Rituals 184

20 The Carter Center: The Limitations of Logic 190

21 The "Tree Model" in Estonia: Psychopolitical Assessment and Dialogue 196

22 Extending the Tree Branches in Estonia: The Need for a Vaccination Process 202

Part VI The Psychology of Trauma, Dictators, the Displaced, and the Dispossessed

23 Torturers and the Tortured in Romania and Albania: Societal Splits 219

24 Loose Screws that Hinder Societal Weil-Being: The Return of Historical Memory 226

25 The Invasion of Kuwait: Trauma and Cultural Customs 233

26 The Georgian-South Ossetian Conflict: Helping the Helpers 251

27 Political Propaganda and Malignant Purification 266

28 Serbia and the Balkans: Reactivation of a Chosen Trauma 273

29 The Immigrant Experience, Integration, and Racism 283

30 Returning to the Mountain House: An Expanding Field 292

Part VII The Psychology of Terrorism and Religion

31 Killing in the Name of Identity: The Psychology of Terrorists 299

32 Terror at Waco: The Psychology of Cults 307

33 "Muslim Rage": Another Look at Terrorism and Suicide Bombers 319

34 Ground Zero: How I Became a "Muslim" 326

35 On Faith: The Psychology of Religion 333

Part VIII The Psychology of Turkey, Cyprus, and the Kurds

36 Watching Europe from Vienna: The Linking of Symbolic Events 343

37 The "Hijacking" of Religion and Women's Rights in Turkey: On Becoming a Societal Transference Figure 351

38 A Return to Northern Cyprus: The Presence of Invisible Walls 363

39 Turkey's Grand Dome: The "Kurdish Issue" in Turkey 375

Part IX Extending the Findings

40 The International Dialogue Initiative 391

Notes 397

Bibliography 451

Name Index 477

Subject Index 487

About the Author 496