Table of Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition xi
Part I The Framework
1 Setting the Stage 3
Introduction to U.S. Foreign Policy 8
What Is Foreign Policy? 13
National Interest 13
Foreign Policy Orientations 19
Unilateralism and Isolationism 20
Engagement/Internationalism 22
Theory and Context 22
Identifying Themes 23
Who Makes Foreign Policy, and Why Are Particular Decisions Made? 24
The Actors 24
Role of Economics 29
Role of Domestic Politics and Factors 29
Who Is Affected by U.S. Foreign Policy Decisions? 30
Impact of U.S. Foreign Policy Decisions on Other Countries 30
Domestic Constituencies 31
The "Powerless": The Feminist Perspective 33
Setting the Stage 34
Primary Sources 36
Part II The Formative Years
2 Unilateralism to Engagement: The Founding to the End of World War I, 1777-1920 39
The Beginning 40
Creating a Foreign Policy Framework 40
Beware of Entangling Alliances 41
Manifest Destiny, the Monroe Doctrine, and Westward Expansion 45
The War of 1812 46
The Monroe Doctrine 47
Continued Expansion 48
Mexican-American War 50
The American Genocide 52
Expansion into the Pacific 53
The Civil War 54
The Spanish-American War 55
Implications of the Spanish-American War 56
The Scramble for Concessions 57
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 58
March to World War I 61
Wilsonian Idealism and U.S. Foreign Policy 62
Wilson's Fourteen Points 65
U.S. Involvement in Russia 66
Domestic Issues: The Executive and Legislative Branches 66
The Shifting National Interest 67
Chronology from the Founding to the End of World War I 69
Selected Primary Sources 70
3 From Isolationism to Superpower: The Interwar Years through World War II, 1920-1945 71
Interwar America 72
U.S. Foreign Policy, 1920-1930 74
Escalation to World War II: 1930-1941 75
Neutrality Acts 79
From Neutrality to Nonbelligerency 80
War 82
Executive Order 9066 84
Preparing for Peace 84
The Impact of World War II 87
Technology and World War II 88
The Decision to Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki 89
The United Nations: Defining the Postwar World 91
Creation of the United Nations 92
From Isolationism to Engagement 94
The Domestic Context for the Postwar Period 95
Chronology, 1920-1945 96
Selected Primary Sources 96
Part III The Cold War
4 The Making of a Superpower: The Evolution of U.S. Cold War Policy, 1945-1968 101
Background of the Cold War 102
The Early Years of the Cold War 104
George Kennan and Early Cold War Policy 106
1947: Outlining U.S. Cold War Policy 111
The Truman Doctrine 111
The National Security Act of 1947 116
The Marshall Plan 117
The Escalation of the Cold War: Berlin to Korea 118
The Creation of NATO 119
The End of the Decade 120
NSC 68 121
War in Korea 122
The Cold War at Home 123
The Domino Theory 124
Eisenhower 124
Doctrine of Massive Retaliation 125
The U-2 Incident 127
The Kennedy Years 127
Berlin 128
Cuba 129
Vietnam 131
Johnson: Vietnam, and the Great Society 132
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution 132
The Great Society 135
The End of the Decade: Changes in U.S. Policy 136
The 1960s into the 1970s 137
Chronology, 1946-1968 138
Selected Primary Sources 139
5 The Cold War Continued: Nixon through Reagan, 1969-1989 141
Nixon 141
Nixon and Vietnam 142
War Powers 146
The Soviet Union, Detente, and Arms Control 147
Nixon and Europe 148
China and Normalization 149
Gerald Ford 150
Carter 151
The Carter Administration: Successes and Failures 152
Reagan 156
From Cold War to Democratic Revolutions 156
Continuing the Arms Control Process 158
Iran-Contra 162
The Cold War and Beyond 164
Chronology, 1969-1988 165
Selected Primary Sources 165
Part IV The Post-Cold War Period
6 The Period of American Hegemony: Bush-Clinton-Bush, 1989-2009 169
George H. W. Bush and the "New World Order" 171
The Persian Gulf War 172
The End of the Soviet Union 174
The Balkans and Ethnic Conflict 175
The Clinton Years 176
Somalia 178
Haiti 179
The Balkans 181
NATO Enlargement 183
Economics: Trade and Globalization 184
The Environment: The Kyoto Protocol 185
Terrorism 186
Rethinking U.S. Foreign Policy under Clinton 188
George W. Bush: From Election to 9/11 188
Contested Election and Implications for U.S. Foreign Policy 190
September 11 and the Responses 191
War with Afghanistan 192
The Bush Doctrine and the War with Iraq 194
War with Iraq and Its Aftermath 201
Freedom and Democracy for All 202
President Bush and Wilsonian Idealism 204
The Iraq War: A Postscript 204
Chronology 1989-2009 206
Selected Primary Sources 207
7 Obama and Trump: 2009-2021 209
President Obama and his Foreign Policy Direction 210
The Obama Administration in Retrospect 210
Challenges Facing the Obama Administration 213
Obama and Iraq and Afghanistan 214
Relations with the Middle East 216
Ties to the Islamic World 216
Iran and the Nuclear Arms Deal 220
The United States and Israel 221
The "Arab Spring" and Civil War in Syria 222
U.S. Relations with Other Parts of the World under Obama 225
U.S. Relations with Russia 225
U.S. Relations with Europe 227
"Pivot to the Pacific" 229
U.S. Relations with Africa 230
Other Challenges to the United States under Obama 231
Obama's Legacy 232
The Election of Donald Trump 233
An "America First" Foreign Policy 235
The Early Outlines for a Trump Foreign Policy 238
The Political Emergence of Donald J. Trump 238
Coronavirus Pandemic 242
U.S. Relations with Russia 245
U.S. Relations with the Western Allies 247
U.S. Relations with China under Trump 248
North Korea 251
The Middle East 253
Other Noteworthy Foreign Policy Issues 259
U.S. Foreign Policy Post-Trump 261
Chronology 2009-Present 261
Selected Primary Sources 262
8 Biden and Beyond: The Future of U.S. Foreign Policy 265
The Election of 2020 and the Transition 267
The Challenges and Threats 270
U.S. Relations with other Nations 271
U.S. Relations with China 271
The United States and the Iran Nuclear Agreement 273
The United States, Russia, and Arms Control 274
U.S. Relations with Europe 276
Other Threats 278
Threats from Disease: Pandemics 278
Climate Change 280
The Future of U.S. Foreign Policy: Returning to First Principles 281
The Cold War as a Framework for U.S. Foreign Policy 282
The Changing Notion of Power 283
U.S. Power and National Interest 284
The Changing Notion of Threat 285
The Actors and the Domestic Balance of Power 287
Challenges to U.S. Foreign Policy in the Future 289
Selected Primary Sources 290
Notes 291
Index 337
About the Author 353
