A History of Political Conflict: Elections and Social Inequalities in France, 1789-2022

A pioneering history of voting and inequality, drawing on an unprecedented data set covering more than two centuries of sociological findings.

Who votes for whom and why? Julia Cagé and Thomas Piketty comb through more than two hundred years of data from some 36,000 French municipalities to show how inequality has shaped the formation of political coalitions, with stark consequences for economic and political development.

Cagé and Piketty argue that today’s tripartite division of French political life—a competition among a bourgeois central bloc and distinct factions of the urban and rural working classes—has a precise, and revealing, historical analogue. To understand contemporary tensions, we can look to the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, another period when runaway economic inequality produced such a three-way rivalry. Cagé and Piketty show that tripartition has always been unstable, whereas the binary political conflict enabled by relative equality and typical of most of the twentieth century facilitated social and economic progress. Comparing these configurations over time helps us envisage possible trajectories for the French political system in the coming decades.

With its many changes in governmental structure since 1789, France is an ideal laboratory for studying the vicissitudes of modern political life in general, and electoral democracy in particular. Using France as a model, A History of Political Conflict offers a powerful framework for understanding the complex project of building and sustaining democratic majorities.

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A History of Political Conflict: Elections and Social Inequalities in France, 1789-2022

A pioneering history of voting and inequality, drawing on an unprecedented data set covering more than two centuries of sociological findings.

Who votes for whom and why? Julia Cagé and Thomas Piketty comb through more than two hundred years of data from some 36,000 French municipalities to show how inequality has shaped the formation of political coalitions, with stark consequences for economic and political development.

Cagé and Piketty argue that today’s tripartite division of French political life—a competition among a bourgeois central bloc and distinct factions of the urban and rural working classes—has a precise, and revealing, historical analogue. To understand contemporary tensions, we can look to the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, another period when runaway economic inequality produced such a three-way rivalry. Cagé and Piketty show that tripartition has always been unstable, whereas the binary political conflict enabled by relative equality and typical of most of the twentieth century facilitated social and economic progress. Comparing these configurations over time helps us envisage possible trajectories for the French political system in the coming decades.

With its many changes in governmental structure since 1789, France is an ideal laboratory for studying the vicissitudes of modern political life in general, and electoral democracy in particular. Using France as a model, A History of Political Conflict offers a powerful framework for understanding the complex project of building and sustaining democratic majorities.

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A History of Political Conflict: Elections and Social Inequalities in France, 1789-2022

A History of Political Conflict: Elections and Social Inequalities in France, 1789-2022

A History of Political Conflict: Elections and Social Inequalities in France, 1789-2022

A History of Political Conflict: Elections and Social Inequalities in France, 1789-2022

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Overview

A pioneering history of voting and inequality, drawing on an unprecedented data set covering more than two centuries of sociological findings.

Who votes for whom and why? Julia Cagé and Thomas Piketty comb through more than two hundred years of data from some 36,000 French municipalities to show how inequality has shaped the formation of political coalitions, with stark consequences for economic and political development.

Cagé and Piketty argue that today’s tripartite division of French political life—a competition among a bourgeois central bloc and distinct factions of the urban and rural working classes—has a precise, and revealing, historical analogue. To understand contemporary tensions, we can look to the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, another period when runaway economic inequality produced such a three-way rivalry. Cagé and Piketty show that tripartition has always been unstable, whereas the binary political conflict enabled by relative equality and typical of most of the twentieth century facilitated social and economic progress. Comparing these configurations over time helps us envisage possible trajectories for the French political system in the coming decades.

With its many changes in governmental structure since 1789, France is an ideal laboratory for studying the vicissitudes of modern political life in general, and electoral democracy in particular. Using France as a model, A History of Political Conflict offers a powerful framework for understanding the complex project of building and sustaining democratic majorities.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780674300606
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Publication date: 08/26/2025
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 512
File size: 156 MB
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About the Author

Julia Cagé is Professor of Economics at Sciences Po Paris and the author of Saving the Media and The Price of Democracy.

Thomas Piketty is Professor of Economics and Economic History at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and the Paris School of Economics. His books include A Brief History of Equality, Capital and Ideology, and the bestselling Capital in the Twenty-First Century.

Table of Contents

Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Part I. Classes and Territories: Sociospatial Inequalities in France Since the Revolution 1. A Limited and Tumultuous Advance toward Equality 2. The Return of Territorial Inequalities 3. The Metamorphoses of Educational Inequalities 4. The New Diversity of Origins Part II. The Rise and Fall of Democratic Mobilization: Electoral Turnout in France, 1789–2022 5. The General Evolution of Turnout since 1789 6. The Social Determinants of Voter Turnout in Legislative Elections, 1848–2022 7. Turnout for Presidential Elections and Referenda, 1793–2022 Part III. Between Bipolarization and Tripartition: Two Centuries of Legislative Elections in France 8. Coalitions and Political Families, 1848–2022 9. The First Tripartition, 1848–1910 10. The Difficult Construction of Bipartition, 1910–1992 11. Toward a New Tripartition, 1992–2022? Part IV. Between Representative Democracy and Direct Democracy: Political Cleavages In Presidential Elections and Referenda 12. The Twofold Invention of the Presidential Election, 1848 and 1965–1995 13. The Metamorphoses of the Presidential Election, 2002–2022 14. The Role of Cleavages in Referenda and the European Question Conclusion Index
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