A Measureless Peril: America in the Fight for the Atlantic, the Longest Battle of World War II
368
A Measureless Peril: America in the Fight for the Atlantic, the Longest Battle of World War II
368Paperback
-
PICK UP IN STORECheck Availability at Nearby Stores
Available within 2 business hours
Related collections and offers
Overview
Of all the threats that faced his country in World War II, Winston Churchill said, just one really scared him—what he called the "measureless peril" of the German U-boat campaign.
In that global conflagration, only one battle—the struggle for the Atlantic—lasted from the very first hours of the conflict to its final day. Hitler knew that victory depended on controlling the sea-lanes where American food and fuel and weapons flowed to the Allies. At the start, U-boats patrolled a few miles off the eastern seaboard, savagely attacking scores of defenseless passenger ships and merchant vessels while hastily converted American cabin cruisers and fishing boats vainly tried to stop them. Before long, though, the United States was ramping up what would be the greatest production of naval vessels the world had ever known.
Then the battle became a thrilling cat-and-mouse game between the quickly built U.S. warships and the ever-more cunning and lethal U-boats. The historian Richard Snow captures all the drama of the merciless contest at every level, from the doomed sailors on an American freighter defying a German cruiser, to the amazing Allied attempts to break the German naval codes, to Winston Churchill pressing Franklin Roosevelt to join the war months before Pearl Harbor (and FDR’s shrewd attempts to fight the battle alongside Britain while still appearing to keep out of it).
Inspired by the collection of letters that his father sent his mother from the destroyer escort he served aboard, Snow brings to life the longest continuous battle in modern times.
With its vibrant prose and fast-paced action, A Measureless Peril is an immensely satisfying account that belongs on the small shelf of the finest histories ever written about World War II.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781416591115 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Scribner |
| Publication date: | 05/10/2011 |
| Pages: | 368 |
| Sales rank: | 366,291 |
| Product dimensions: | 5.44(w) x 8.76(h) x 0.88(d) |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
One hot, windy September afternoon in the early 1970s my mother and father came home to Bronxville from a two-week vacation in Maine. Bronxville is a town in Westchester County, half an hour north of Manhattan on what was then the Penn Central railroad. Like countless thousands of other couples, my mother, Emma, and my father, Richard, had quit the city in the hopeful months after World War II ended to raise their infant child in a house surrounded by suburban greenery and well-nourished public schools.
The beneficiary of this relocation came down to help them unload their luggage, and I was soon joined by Mr. Curcio, the superintendent of the apartment building in the village my parents had moved into after I’d gotten out of college.
Superintendent Curcio was a chatty, affable, powerfully built man (he once paused halfway up a flight of stairs to speculate with me at some length about the Mets’ chances, all the time holding two air conditioners, one under each arm). He scooped a half dozen suitcases out of the Chrysler, and as we headed toward the apartment, something—the weather, perhaps—reminded him of having taken part in the landings on Sicily in July 1943, and he began to talk about it.
“Look, I’m a wop,” he said cheerfully about his Italian heritage, “but let me tell you, once those wops on the beach were shooting at me, I was one hundred percent American. Guys begin dropping around me, and I start firing while I’m still in the water.”
The story continued until the suitcases were in front of the door. We all said thanks, and then my mother put a protective hand on my father’s forearm. “I’m so glad,” she told Mr. Curcio, “that Dick was never in action.”
AT A LITTLE AFTER eight thirty on the morning of April 24, 1945, a sailor said to my father, “What’s the matter with the Davis?” He meant the Frederick C. Davis, destroyer escort 136, and she looked funny, canted forward and apparently stopped in the water. My father was watching her from the deck of another destroyer escort, the USS Neunzer, DE-150. The Davis lay a few hundred yards away, but not for long. “Jesus Christ!” said someone. “She took a fish.” And sure enough, although nobody aboard the Neunzer had heard the explosion, a torpedo had struck the Davis’s forward engine room. Minutes later the Davis split apart and sank, taking 115 men to their deaths, while the Neunzer and seven other destroyer escorts—helped by planes from the escort carrier Bogue—set off on what would prove to be a ten-hour struggle against the submarine that had destroyed her.
While he unpacked in Bronxville, my father reviewed his role in this event for my mother, then added, with what seemed to me impressive mildness, “That’s generally considered having been in action.”
MY FATHER TOOK PART in the last great campaign of the Atlantic war. The Neunzer was one of a web of ships stretched across a hundred miles hunting an enemy that naval intelligence had reason to believe was going to launch rocket attacks against American cities. He was in at the end of the longest battle of World War II, indeed, of any war in history. If the Allies had lost that battle, they would have lost the war.
And yet, my mother’s remark was not ludicrous.
Few people today remember the Atlantic war as a battle, and even at the time only some of those who were in it saw it as a coherent effort. The Pacific was the picturesque war, the one where naval victories took the form we think they should: battleships hammering it out gun to gun, aircraft carriers deciding in a morning the fate of nations. Louis Auchincloss, already a lawyer, soon to be a novelist, but at the time the navigator on an LST (landing ship, tank) remembered, “Changing oceans was like changing navies. In the European theater the army and air force were everything; the navy, only a police escort. . . . Never shall I forget my first glimpse of the Pacific navy in the atoll Ulithi where the lines of battleships, cruisers, carriers, and auxiliary vessels seemed to stretch out to the crack of doom.”
Conquer an island; then conquer another island; then sink some battleships. That was a proper sea war. The Atlantic effort by contrast was strange and diffuse, week upon week of boredom endured in constant discomfort, fires on the sea at night and yet nothing there in the morning, eventually the unheroic sight of Halifax through the fog if you were lucky. It was a sea fight whose results were recorded on land. But it began on the first day of the war and ended on the final one, five years and eight months later. In the Pacific, the Battle of Midway broke a Japanese fleet in five minutes.
But the Allied aim in the Atlantic was not to destroy an enemy on the high seas. It was to keep a delivery system going: to get grain and aviation gas, chocolate and rifles and tires, oil and boots and airplane engines, from America to Europe. The trucks in this operation were merchant ships, some of them ancient, none of them carrying the martial glamour of a PT boat, let alone a cruiser.
One who did see the high consequence of this dogged chore was Winston Churchill. He said that the U-boat campaign was “the only thing that ever really frightened me during the war.” While the Atlantic battle was going on, he wrote, “How willingly would I have exchanged a full-scale invasion for this shapeless, measureless peril, expressed in charts, curves, and statistics.” The charts and statistics showed how many ships the German submarines were sinking, as against how many the Allies could build. It was “a war of groping and drowning, of ambuscade and stratagem,” said Churchill, “of science and seamanship.” If the stratagems failed, if the seamanship faltered, Britain would starve and the European fighting fronts would fall to the German army.
In Commander in Chief, his fine book about the American high command in the war, the historian Eric Larrabee wrote the arresting sentence “The Battle of the Atlantic was the war’s inner core, an only partly visible axle on which other contingencies turned.” That image has stayed with me since I first read it twenty years ago, although I can also see the battle as a vast drill bit or screw, with grooves a week or a month apart, turning and turning through the mortal years, always from America toward Europe, driving convoys eastward. Some of the vessels it carries will get through fifty trips without a scratch; some will burn and sink in front of vacationers on Miami Beach. Sometimes destroyers will protect them; sometimes there won’t be enough destroyers to spare for the job; and sometimes the destroyers won’t do any good at all, darting this way and that as the U-boats lance into the heart of the convoy and with a torpedo or two turn the months of manufacturing the ammunition and trucks and locomotives and radios and the days of loading them and all the time spent building the vessel that carries this cargo and the lifetimes of raising the crewmen who are attending it into a horrible inanity.
The battle killed nearly eighty thousand people: drowned them, crushed them, burned them, froze them, starved them in lifeboats. Far beyond the brutal vacancy of ocean that extinguished all those lives, an empire of strenuous ingenuity fizzed and crackled, whole cities running night and day given over to trying to outsmart the slim, dark shapes that Allied seamen so rarely saw.
It took three nations to end the U-boat campaign—the United States, Canada, and Great Britain—and Britain’s role in the immense task seems better remembered than America’s. In some ways this is just; in some, it isn’t.
The particular fight my father was in that April went just the way it should have. This despite the loss of the Frederick C. Davis. By then what Lincoln called the “terrible arithmetic of war” had established that an American destroyer was a small price to pay for a German submarine. Over the previous four years the U.S. navy had learned a great deal about how to cope with U-boats. Not one ship that took part in this final wide sweep had existed before the war began. I don’t just mean the vessels themselves, but the kind of vessels they were. The escort carriers—“baby flattops” that carried a fraction of the number of airplanes that rode in the immense fleet carriers that were going about their famous work in the Pacific—had been improvised to meet the crisis, and so had the class of ship my father served on, the destroyer escort, the DE.
This book tells the story of the American effort in the Battle of the Atlantic. The destroyer escort figures prominently in it because the ship represents a combination of practicality and ingenuity that America brought to the war; and, of course, my father was on one. He isn’t in this story through mere sentimentality on my part. I believe that he embodied the kind of war America fought and the kind of people that allowed us to win it.
Richard B. Snow (I escaped the inconveniences of being called Junior by grace of having a different middle name) was an architect. Before the war, his only connection with the sea was having ridden across it in ocean liners to study the violin in Paris. Born in 1905, he was old for active duty, and moreover he was married. Yet when the war came he pulled such strings as he could find, and although he had reached the wintry heights of his late thirties, he managed to wangle sea duty. In time he became a “plank owner” (part of the original crew) on a brand-new destroyer escort. His wife wasn’t happy about this, but he promised to write her every day they were apart, and he came surprisingly close to fulfilling this pledge. Recently I began to read those letters for the first time.
Before he went into architecture school, my father had studied at Columbia College with the critic, poet, and novelist Mark Van Doren, who encouraged him to become a writer. The letters suggest what it was that caught Van Doren’s eye. They’re fluent, sardonic, fond, observant, full of irony about many things but never about his work at sea, and not quite like any other war letters I’ve ever read.
But like the unique but widely produced ship he served aboard, my father’s letters encapsulate a vast common experience. This architect became a capable officer, and thus his career echoes those of the eighty thousand other Americans who became naval officers during those years—and of the twelve million Americans who were in uniform by war’s end. Five years earlier these warriors had no more thought of joining the military than of joining the circus. They at once brought about and were formed by the biggest, swiftest change that has ever overtaken our society.
If my father can speak for them, though, he can’t do it yet, because the story starts long before he traded his T square for a sextant. He will make only a few brief appearances before he ventures out into the Atlantic, that beautiful, malevolent thirty-million-square-mile battlefield where he and those like him were to win a great and underappreciated victory.
© 2010 Richard Snow
Table of Contents
"What's the Matter with the Davis?": Looking back on the Atlantic struggle 1
Flower Show: The dangerous state of the U.S. navy on the eve of war, 1939 8
Too Dumb to Stay on the Farm: The making of a sailor, 1940 14
Building Hitler's Navy: Superbattleships vs. submarines, 1933-39 20
"The Simple Principle of Fighting Several Steamers with Several U-boats": Captain Doenitz works out his strategy, 1918-39 26
On the Devil's Shovel: U-boat life, 1939-45 36
The End of the Athenia: The sea war begins, 1939 48
Captain Gainard's Killer Dillers: An American freighter comes to the rescue, 1939 58
Prison Ship: The difficulties of keeping out of the war, 1939-40 70
The Neutrality Patrol: Guarding the western hemisphere, 1939-40 79
"A New Chapter of World History": The destroyer deal goes forward, 1940 86
Doenitz Goes to France: Germany builds her Biscay U-boat bases, 1940 101
Germany First: Planning America's naval war, 1940 105
A Length of Garden Hose: FDR sells Lend-lease, 1940 113
Fishing Trip: Churchill and Roosevelt meet, 1941 120
The Moving Square Mile: Learning and relearning the lessons of convoy, 1917-41 128
The Rattlesnakes of the Atlantic: America's first losses, 1941 135
A Present in the Führer's Lap: Hitler declares war, 1941 144
Five Boats against America: The East Coast submarine offensive, 1942 150
The Most Even-Tempered Man in the Navy: Admiral King in command, 1942 160
The Hooligan Navy: Yachts and cabin cruisers go to war, 1942 169
Panic Party: The "mystery ship" fiasco, 1942 174
Last Fight: The Naval Armed Guard and the ordeal of the 1942 Cadet O'Hara's Stephen Hopkins 179
"Start Swinging, Lady": The Liberty ships, 1941-45 194
A Visit to the Ship Cemetery: Desperate times on the Eastern seaboard, 1943 205
"Sighted Sub …": A little good news, 1943 211
How Lieutenant Snow Got to Sea: A reserve officer's journey, 1943 220
The Smallest Major War Vessel: Inventing the destroyer escort, 1942 226
"Set the Watch": The birth of a warship, 1943 238
The Heartbeat of the Pings: The importance of sonar, 1941-45 250
"How Many Germans Will It Kill?": Learning to use radar, 1940-43 256
The Fleet without a Gun: Admiral King remakes his command, 1943 267
Steaming as Before: The essence of Atlantic duty, 1943-45 276
Combustible, Vulnerable, and Expendable: The escort carrier joins the fight, 1944 289
Captain Just's Last Fight: The final days of the Kriegsmarine, 1945 298
Do Hostilities Ever Cease?: After the convoys, 1945 314
When Daylight Comes: From then to now 321
Bibliographical Note and Acknowledgments 327
Bibliography 331
Index 339
What People are Saying About This
"Gripping, jaw-dropping, moving, at times surprisingly funny, and always spellbinding."
-Laura Hillenbrand, author of the #1 New York Times Bestseller, Unbroken