Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges

Table of Contents

List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xi

About the Contributors xv

Preface xxi

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii

Part 1 Introduction

1 Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas: The Possibilities and Constraints in Low-and Middle-Income Nations David Satterthwaite Saleemul Huq Hannah Reid Mark Pelling Patricia Romero Lankao 3

Introduction 3

The potential for adaptation 4

The constraints on implementation 5

The urban context 11

Vulnerability 19

Climate change and disasters 21

The continuum of risk from everyday hazards to catastrophic disasters 28

Building on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report 30

Government roles and responsibilities 34

Part 2 Risk and Vulnerability for Cities

2 The Rising Tide: Assessing the Risks of Climate Change and Human Settlements in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones Gordon McGranahan Deborah Balk Bridget Anderson 51

Introduction 51

Climate change, coastal settlement and urban vulnerabilities 52

Estimating population and human settlement patterns in low-elevation coastal zones (LECZs) 55

The international distribution of low-elevation coastal settlement 58

Changes in low-elevation coastal settlement between 1990 and 2000: The examples of China and Bangladesh 68

Conclusions 69

3 Climate Change and Coastal Cities: The Case of Mombasa, Kenya Cynthia Brenda Awuor Victor Ayo Orindi Andrew Ochieng Adwera 77

Introduction 77

Vulnerability of Mombasa to climate change 78

Climate change impacts in Mombasa 80

Adaptation to climate change in Mombasa 85

Conclusions 90

4 Vulnerabilities and Responses to Climate Change for Dhaka Mozaharul Alam MD Golam Rabbani93

Introduction 93

Dhaka's contribution to global climate change 95

The effects of climate change in Dhaka 97

Affected sectors and vulnerabilities 101

Response measures 105

Conclusions 108

5 The Vulnerability to Climate Change of Cotonou (Benin): The Rise in Sea Level Krystel M. R. Dossou Bernadette Gléhouenou-Dossou 111

Introduction 111

Cotonou 111

Cotonou's vulnerability to sea-level rise 113

Impact of rising sea level 114

Coastal erosion in Cotonou and the surrounding area 114

Adapting to the rise in sea level and its consequences 121

Conclusions 124

6 The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards Alex de Sherbinin Andrew Schiller Alex Pulsipher 129

Introduction 129

Framing vulnerability 131

The case studies 132

Conclusions 151

7 Climate, Climate Change and Human Health in Asian Cities Sari Kovats Rais Akhtar 159

Introduction 159

Climate change and health 160

Climate, water supplies and sanitation and health 160

High temperatures and heat wave events 165

Longer-term changes and the future health of populations in cities 167

Responding to climate change: Adaptation and health at the city level 168

Conclusions 169

8 Climate Change and Urban Children: Impacts and Implications for Adaptation in Low-and Middle-Income Countries Sheridan Bartlett 175

Introduction 175

Understanding the impacts upon children of climate change 177

The implications for adaptation 187

Conclusions 192

9 Unjust Waters: Climate Change, Flooding and the Urban Poor in Africa Ian Douglas Kurshid Alam MaryAnne Maghenda Yasmin McDonnell Louise McLean Jack Campbell 201

Introduction 201

The changing climate in Africa 202

Trends in urban flooding in Africa 203

Local case studies of urban flooding 206

General guidelines on adaptations to climate change 216

Responsibilities and actions 218

10 Urban Poverty and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Latin America Jorgelina Hardoy Gustavo Pandiella 225

Introduction 225

Vulnerability and adaptation in urban areas 228

Possible ways forward 238

The need for adaptation and development 243

Part 3 Case Studies on Adaptation

11 Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Institutionalizing Climate Change at the Local Government Level in Durban, South Africa Debra Roberts 253

Introduction 253

Climate change and the environmental management function 255

Mainstreaming the climate change debate in Durban 259

Conclusions 269

12 Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MAP) for Climate Change: The City of Cape Town Pierre Mukheibir Gina Ziervogel 271

Introduction 271

Background to climate change 272

Towards a framework for adapting to climate change at the municipal level 273

Examples of potential current and future municipal climate-induced impacts for the city of Cape Town 278

Conclusions 285

13 Adapting to Climate Change: Water Management for Urban Resilience Mike Muller 291

Introduction 291

Instruments to manage variability, reduce vulnerability and build resilience 293

The development context and constraints before climate change 294

The challenges of climate change for water resources management 295

Water resources costs: The added burden of adaptation 298

Some practical challenges and responses 301

Conclusions: Water resources management could be a lead sector in building urban resilience to climate change 304

Part 4 Moving Forward

14 Climate Change Risk: An Adaptation and Mitigation Agenda for Indian Cities Aromar Revi 311

Introduction 311

India's RUrban transformation (2000-2050) 312

Urban renewal, disaster management and climate change mitigation 314

India's climate change risk exposure 316

Composite multi-hazard risk adaptation 322

Urban populations and elements at risk 323

Urban vulnerability to climate change 324

A possible urban climate change adaptation framework 325

Institutional capacity for urban climate risk adaptation 331

Building a mitigation agenda for Indian cities 332

Conclusions 333

15 International Funding to Support Urban Adaptation to Climate Change Jessica Ayers 339

Introduction 339

Funding for adaptation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 340

The role of official development assistance (ODA) in funding adaptation 345

Access to adaptation finance by urban stakeholders 350

Conclusions 353

16 Conclusions: Local Development and Adaptation David Satterthwaite David Dodman Jane Bicknell 359

Introduction 359

Key themes 360

Conclusions 363

Index 385