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Routers, switches, and transmission equipment form the backbone of the Internet, yet many users and service technicians do not understand how these nodes really work.
Advanced Router Architectures addresses how components of advanced routers work together and how they are integrated with each other. This book provides the background behind why these building blocks perform certain functions, and how the function is implemented in general use. It offers an introduction to the subject matter that is intended to trigger deeper interest from the reader. The book explains, for example, why traffic management may be important in certain applications, what the traffic manager does, and how it connects to the rest of the router. The author also examines the implications of the introduction or omission of a traffic manager into an advanced router. The text offers a similar analysis for other router topics such as QOS and policy enforcement, security processing (including DoS/DDoS), and more.
This book covers which mandatory and which optional building blocks can be found in an advanced router, and how these building blocks operate in conjunction to ensure that the Internet performs as expected.
Introduction
Internet Topology Change Overview Current Status Traffic and Traffic Growth
The Carrier Business Model Overview Service Level Agreements (SLAs)
The VoIP Business Model Internal Corporate Accounting
Advanced Routers in Central Office Applications Overview Central Office (CO) Colocation
Function Split Overview Traditional System Partitioning and Function Split Functions within the Port Card Functions within the Processor Card Functions within the Switch Card Functions within the OAM&P Card
High Availability Overview Definition Implications Network View of Redundancy and Failsafe Operation Example Design Life Time and Single Point of Failure Impact Definition of Availability
1+1 Redundancy
1:1 Redundancy
2 out of 3 (or N out of N+1) Redundancy Redundant Switch Fabric Cards Redundant Line Cards Redundant Links Redundant Power Supplies Software Robustness OAM&P Control over Redundant Subsystems Timed Switchover Switchover on Demand Reducing Human Error Probability
The Chassis Overview Single-board versus Modular Designs
Line Cards Overview Definitions Functional Requirements Further Impact of Advanced Router Architectures Differentiation of Functions Line Card Implementation in Single-board Designs Line Card Implementation in Midplane Designs Line Card Implementation in Backplane Designs Line Card Messaging and Communications Interior and Exterior Border Gateway Protocols Line Card Functions for PSTN Internetworking Port Card Functions Network Processor and Traffic Manager Software Implications Local Control Processors for Line or Processor Cards
Switch Fabric Cards Overview Functional Requirements for an Advanced Router's Core History of Router-internal Interconnects Basics Crosspoint Switches and Crossbar Switches Shared Memory Switches Non-buffered, Non-queued Switch Fabrics Buffered and Queued Switch Fabrics Combined Virtually Output Queued Switch Fabrics Metrics of Switch Fabrics Net Bit Rate or Link Rate Utilization (Minimum, Maximum, Average)
Throughput (Total and on a per-Link Basis)
System Availability (Minimum)
System Uptime (Minimum)
Reliability (Error Rate)
Logical Connection Setup Time (Minimum, Maximum, Average)
Logical Connection Teardown Time (Minimum, Maximum, Average)
Delay and Latency Round-Trip Delay (Minimum, Maximum, Average)
Cell Delay Variation (CDV) (Minimum, Maximum, Average)
Scalability Field Upgradability Resource Utilization on the Network Processor Cost Structure Feasibility Performance Extension Alternative Solutions The "Switchless Switch"
Multicast and Broadcast Bandwidth Overprovisioning Traffic Manager Functions versus Queue Manager Functions Deterministic Behavior Switch Fabric I/O Software Function Set in Local Switch Fabric Control
Operation, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning Overview Definition of OAMP Functions of the OAM&P Entity Operational Statuses Status Transitions Relationship with NMC Implementation Fail-safe and Fault-tolerant OAM&P Entity Operation OAM&P Entity Internal Communication Examples of Failure Modes of Managed Entities The Necessity for the Device-Global View Sample OAM&P Card Schematic .
Overview
Routers, switches, and transmission equipment form the backbone of the Internet, yet many users and service technicians do not understand how these nodes really work.
Advanced Router Architectures addresses how components of advanced routers work together and how they are integrated with each other. This book provides the background behind why these building blocks perform certain functions, and how the function is implemented in general use. It offers an introduction to the ...