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Overview
Apply the latest advertising technologies
Build your brand in every medium
Create the right budget for each campaign
Through six previous editions, Advertising Media Planning has proven essential to the success of both practicing and aspiring media planners. Now in its seventh edition, it continues to provide valuable insight into the construction of media plans that most effectively achieve marketing objectives.
Advertising Media Planning, seventh edition, retains all the critical information you need to know about traditional media—including TV, radio, and print--while exploring the latest media forms, illustrated with major advertiser case histories. You’ll find comprehensive coverage of the latest media planning and digital technologies, including:
• Organic and sponsored Google search • Digital out-of-home video • Internet banners • Computerized media channel planning • Cell phone mobile-media • DVR’s impact on TV commercial viewing • New online and traditional media measurement technologies • Interactive television • Cross-media planning • Data fusion • International competitive spending analysis
This is an exciting time for media planners. Those with the most creativity, strategic insight, and knowledge of the market are sure to find the greatest rewards. Providing firm grounding on the fundamentals and bringing you up to speed on the latest developments in digitization, this updated classic is the best and most complete companion available for navigating the new frontier of media planning.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780071738903 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | McGraw Hill LLC |
| Publication date: | 05/28/2010 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 496 |
| File size: | 8 MB |
About the Author
Roger B. Baron is senior vice president and director of media research at DRAFTFCB, whose clients include SC Johnson, MillerCoors Brewing Company, Boeing Aircraft, State Farm Auto Insurance, Taco Bell, and Merck Pharmaceuticals. He is a former media director and now member of the Media Rating Council, the Market Research Council, and the Advertising Research Foundation. He lives in Chicago, IL.
Read an Excerpt
ADVERTISING MEDIA PLANNING
By JACK Z. SISSORS ROGER B. BARON
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-07-173890-3
Chapter One
Introduction to Media Planning The Art of Matching Media to the Advertiser's Marketing Needs
It was the client's annual advertising review at a large Midwestern advertising agency. The creative team was presenting digital animatics of the new campaign from the flat-screen monitor on the wall. The media director was glancing at the BlackBerry in his lap below the table, waiting for a response from ESPN about the base package for this client. The light in the corner was still blinking green as the creative director finished up, but he could see from the smile on the client's face that it was a success. The creative director had sold the campaign. Now it was media's turn.
The client turned to the media director and said, "This creative is great. Now I want to know how you're going to spend the $100 million I'm giving you so my customers will see it. I want to know what my competition is doing, who you are targeting, what media you are going to use and why, where it will run, and when it will run. I want to know how many of the target audience will see the campaign and how often they will see it. But mainly, I want to see how you plan to creatively integrate this campaign across all the different platforms we have today—the conventional TV set, the PC, the online search, and the mobile, social, and other opportunities from emerging media that didn't exist just a few years ago. If you make a good case, I'll authorize the $100 million. So let's see your media plan."
A bit overdrawn perhaps, but it is the job of the media planner to answer these questions and to develop a plan that delivers the creative message to the target as effectively and efficiently as possible. It is a fascinating job that combines marketing, psychology, show business, law, research, technology, and the planner's sensitive, creative insights into the human condition. It has the planner playing the dual roles of both salesperson and client—sometimes alternating between the two from one minute to the next. In the sales role, planners must convince the advertiser and his or her own agency team that they have developed the most effective media plan. Then with a ring of the telephone, a planner becomes the client of the media sales representatives who want their website, cable television network, magazine, or other medium included on the plan—that is, included so they receive an order for some of that $100 million budget. These are the outward manifestations of the core job of the media planner: to make the most effective use of the advertiser's media budget.
Media: A Message Delivery System
Media exist primarily to deliver message content—entertainment, information, and advertisements to a vast audience. Media should be thought of as both carriers and delivery systems. They carry advertisements and deliver them to individuals who buy or choose media first on the basis of the kind and quality of entertainment and information and second on the kinds of advertisements they deliver. Advertisers find media to be convenient and relatively inexpensive delivery systems compared to direct mail or other channels that do not carry entertainment and information.
This definition applies to online media as well as traditional mass media—the banner ads on websites and the sponsored links that accompany paid search keywords serve the same function as the commercials and printed advertising that accompany information and entertainment in traditional media.
It is important to recognize that consumers have specialized needs that media can meet, such as providing information about certain kinds of products and brands. Readers can browse a magazine or newspaper, stopping to look at any advertisement that seems interesting. When there is a clear need for information, 15 minutes spent with Google, Bing, Wikipedia, and the other search engines will give a person top-line knowledge about any topic on earth.
Advertisers who want to reach both a mass and a specialized audience find it is more expensive to buy media that reach the specialized audience. However, no matter which kind of audience advertisers want to reach, it is imperative that someone plans the purchase of media as far ahead of publishing or broadcast dates as possible. Advertisers cannot afford to buy media impulsively or capriciously. Therefore, the planning function is a major operation in advertising and media agencies and at client companies. There is too much money involved to not plan ahead of time, and this book concentrates on the planning function.
Two words are sometimes used as if they mean the same thing: medium (the plural is media) and vehicle. They are not exactly the same. A medium refers to a class of carriers such as television, newspapers, magazines, and so on. In other words, it refers to a group of carriers that have similar characteristics. A vehicle is an individual carrier within a medium. For example, the website CNN.com is a vehicle within the online medium. "60 Minutes" is a vehicle within television. Martha Stewart Living and People are vehicles within the magazine medium.
Media Planning
Media planning consists of the series of decisions made to answer the question, "What are the best means of delivering advertisements to prospective purchasers of my brand or service?" This definition is rather general, but it provides a broad picture of what media planning is all about.
A media planner attempts to answer the following specific questions:
• How many prospects (for purchasing a given brand of product) do I need or can I afford to reach?
• In which media should I place ads?
• How many times a month should prospects see each ad?
• During which months should ads appear?
• Where should the ads appear? In which markets and regions?
• How much money should be spent in each medium?
When all the questions have been asked and the decisions made, the recommendations and rationales are organized into a presentation (usually PowerPoint) and a written document called a media plan. The plan, when approved by the advertiser, becomes a blueprint for the selection and use of media. Once the advertiser has approved the plan, it also serves as a guide for actually purchasing the media.
It would be a mistake, however, to think of media planning as nothing more than finding answers to a list of questions about media. Such a view is too narrow to provide the necessary perspective. Rather, it is better to assume that each question represents certain kinds of problems that need to be solved. Some problems are relatively simple, such as, "On which day of the week should television commercials be shown?" Other problems are much more difficult, such as, "In which media will ads most affect the prospect's buying behavior, resulting in the most additional sales?"
Media planning should be thought of as a process or a series of decisions that provides the best possible answers to a set of problems. It is the planner's recommended way to balance the many trade-offs within a given budget. A planner might find that a recommended solution to a given marketing problem does not make sense when other factors are considered. Finding the best solutions to a set of marketing problems represents the main task of planners. That is what makes media planning such an intellectually challenging activity. In a sense, media planners are marketing professionals with media expertise.
The Changing Face of Media Planning
Some marketers believe the traditional media forms such as television, newspapers, magazines, and radio are passé. This is a mistake. Although the Internet as a whole is now accessible to 86 percent of the U.S. population, its fragmentation across thousands of sites (the so-called Long Tail) makes it costly to deliver advertising to large numbers of people with enough frequency to communicate the message. Mass media, especially the top-rated television programs and large-circulation magazines such as People, continue to define popular culture in the United States and in the world. Mass media are essential to create broad awareness of new products and services and to reinforce awareness of existing brands. But today's consumers want more information than can be communicated with the traditional media. Because they expect to get this information from the Internet, marketing plans must consider how this medium, and especially search tools such as Google and Bing, will be used to build on the awareness that has been created with mass advertising.
At the same time, advertisers want to reinforce awareness with frequent brand mentions in media that are part of the target audience's daily life. Exhibit 1-1 on pages 6—7 presents the example of Coors Light's use of ESPN cable television, ESPN: The Magazine, mobile advertising on cell phones, and online exposure to men of legal drinking age during the annual personnel draft of the National Football League (NFL).
Traditionally, media planning has asked questions revolving around how media can reach the right persons. The "right" persons came from broadly aggregated data, such as "women ages 18–49" or "men ages 25–54." But these broad demographic characterizations were developed to accommodate the sale of broadcast media, radio, and television, where the available research dictates that age and gender demographics are the currency of a buy. They obscure an almost unlimited array of lifestyles, interests, and even media habits that are relevant to marketers if they want to deliver advertising to their best prospects. Today's media planning requires planners to identify smaller groups of product users and the media that best reach them. Online advertisers can use behavioral targeting to direct ads to people who visit related websites. Sponsored search on Google and many other venues allows delivery of advertising to people who, by definition, have shown an interest in a product or service.
Technology has made it economical to deliver program content that appeals to smaller and smaller groups of people. Audience fragmentation has become the dominant characteristic of media, especially television, in the 21st century. Today the average home can receive 119 channels, up from 61 channels in 2000. Cable television networks, delivered either by wire or by satellite, can now be seen in 90 percent of U.S. households. This proliferation of viewing choices has significantly eroded the audience to the traditional broadcast networks, but total hours of viewing have remained essentially constant.
The result is a splintering of the audience among channels whose content may or may not be relevant to advertisers. For example, marketers of vacation destinations will certainly advertise on the Travel Channel, but the majority of their customers never watch it. Although the target audience composition of the Travel Channel is very high (just about all the viewers are interested in travel), its coverage is very low—there are a great many travelers who never watch the Travel Channel. The planner's challenge is to develop a balanced plan that includes some vehicles that offer high coverage to ensure every product user will see the message, and others with high composition that will minimize waste. This coverage/composition tradeoff will be a recurring theme throughout this book.
The expansion of video content to pre-roll commercials before streaming video on the PC, mobile cell phones, and other platforms will further fragment the audience into hundreds, if not thousands, of video sources that reflect the media equivalent of what has been called the Long Tail. The term was first coined by Chris Anderson in a Wired magazine article in October 2004. It expresses the concept, exploited by Amazon.com and other online retailers, that business can make a profit by selling relatively small quantities of a large number of items, versus the traditional model that relies on quantity sales of a relatively short product line. Applied to media, it means that an advertiser needs to spread the message across many small channels to reach the widely scattered audience. The typical cable advertiser will buy time on 20 to 30 cable networks in addition to schedules on the broader-reach broadcast networks.
The Changing Role of Media Planners
As a result of technological advancements and audience fragmentation, the role of media planners has changed in advertising and media agencies. Today, media planning ranks in importance along with marketing and creative planning, but in the early days of advertising agency operations, media planning consisted of simple, clerical tasks. There were fewer media available in those days, and little research on media audiences had been done to guide planners in decision making.
Today, planning has become much more complex and important. Planners must have a greater knowledge base from which to formulate media plans. They not only must know more about media, which have increased tremendously in number over the past 10 years, but also must know how the media plan can contribute to the overall marketing plan. And most important, planners must have an almost intuitive sense of their target's life so they can select media that will expose the advertising at the most opportune time. This makes media planning today a more challenging, but also a far more creative, process than ever before.
Exhibit 1-2 presents a campaign created by McCann Erickson, Detroit, the ad agency for Travel Michigan (the state department responsible for promoting tourism to Michigan) as a good example of this. As part of a multimedia effort, the group ran advertising on the sides of tour buses in Chicago, knowing that people who visited the city would be good candidates for extending their vacation to include neighboring Michigan. Their marketing rationale follows:
At the heart of the Pure Michigan campaign is a simple idea: Your time off should feel a world away from your everyday life. Applying the idea to out-of- home gave the state of Michigan a powerful tool for drawing a contrast between daily life and the idealized vacation getaway: putting a little piece of Pure Michigan right in the middle of the everyday world. Whether alongside a suburban interstate, on a city wallscape, or wrapped around a downtown Chicago tour bus, each out-of-home ad showcases a glimpse of Michigan's natural beauty. This startling contrast creates an oasis-like feel in the middle of an ordinary day—giving consumers a sample of what their Michigan vacation will feel like.
What brought about this need for a broader knowledge base? Foremost was the rise of the marketing concept, which changed media planning from an isolated activity to one closely related to marketing planning. In fact, one way to evaluate a media plan is to measure how effectively it helps attain the advertiser's marketing objectives. Another cause of the change was the development of new and more definitive media audience research techniques. As a result, more research is available to help planners choose from myriad alternatives.
The change is also due to the universal availability of the Internet and low-cost, high-speed computers that make routine the physical acquisition and manipulation of vast amounts of data. The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet is the workbench that planners use to compare and cost out media alternatives. Planners are expected to have a thorough knowledge of this tool, including the most commonly used functions and the four methods of database management (sort, filter, subtotal, and pivot table). Finally, the Microsoft PowerPoint presentation system is used to develop the presentation that will ultimately sell the plan to the client.
Media planning, then, is not so much a matter of being able to answer such relatively simple questions as where to place advertisements or how many advertisements to run each week. It is a matter of proving that optimal decisions were made under a given set of marketing circumstances. Advertisers demand such explanations, and media planners must be able to provide them. Today's media planners have changed as requirements for planning have changed. The new planner must have a breadth of knowledge, marketing understanding, research familiarity, computer literacy, creative planning awareness, and media acumen to do the job competently. It is within this framework that media planning now takes place.
Classes of Media
Planners like to separate media into various classes as a form of shorthand for the capabilities and characteristics that derive from their physical form. Typically, planners identify traditional media, nontraditional media, online media, and specialized media. However, even these distinctions break down with the convergence of media forms. Video is displayed on three screens: the television set, the personal computer in the form of streaming video, and the mobile platform that displays information and video on the cell phone. Magazines and even newspapers (their news content) are delivered electronically, posing a threat to the advertiser-supported business model that has sustained them for 100 years. Digital billboards vastly expand the capabilities of the oldest mass medium.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from ADVERTISING MEDIA PLANNING by JACK Z. SISSORS ROGER B. BARON Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. Excerpted by permission of McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Table of Contents
ContentsForeword by David L. Smith, CEO and Founder, Mediasmith Inc., San Francisco
Preface
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Media: A Message Delivery System
Media Planning
Changing Face of Media Planning
Changing Role of Media Planners
Classes of Media
Traditional Mass Media
Nontraditional Media
Online Media
Specialized Media
General Procedures in Media Planning
Principles for Selecting Media Vehicles
Problems in Media Planning
Insufficient Media Data
Time Pressures
Institutional Influences on Media Decisions
Lack of Objectivity
Measuring Advertising Effectiveness
CHAPTER TWO
Sample Media Plan Presentation
Background to Hypothetical Plan
Media Objectives
Competitive Analysis
Budgets
Media Selection
Timing of Media Delivery
Target Audience Analysis
Media Habits
Media Selection Rationale
Creative Media Options
Media Strategy
Flowchart and Budget
Post-Buy Evaluation
CHAPTER THREE
The Relationship Among Media, Advertising, and Consumers
How Consumers Choose Media: Entertainment and Information
Strong Feelings Loyalty
Media Usage and Subsequent Behavior
Interactive Television
Varied Relationships Between Audiences and Media
Video Consumer Mapping Study
How Consumers Perceive Digital Advertising
How Audiences Process Information from Media
The Media’s Importance in the Buying Process
Media Planning and the Marketing Mix
Exposure: The Basic Measurement of Media Audiences
Need for Better Media Vehicle Measurements
Response Function
Measurements of Audiences to Advertising Vehicles
Cost per Thousand
Cost per Rating Point
Is There a Better Way of Measurement?
The Top Five Perennial Questions That Media Research Cannot Answer
How Much is Enough?
Which Medium is Most Effective?
What is the Best Environment?
Which is Better: Flighting or Continuity?
When is My Commercial Worn Out?
CHAPTER FOUR
Basic Measurements and Calculations
How Media Vehicles Are Measured
Nielsen Television Ratings
Proposed Set-Top Box (STB) Alternatives for Measuring Television
Arbitron Radio Ratings
Magazines and Newspapers
Recent Reading
Frequency of Reading
Yesterday Reading
Internet
Out-of-Home
How the Data is Interpreted
General Uses of Vehicle Audience Measurements
Various Concepts of Audience Measurements
Actual or Potential Audience Size Measurements
Print Circulation Measurements
Audience Accumulation
Audience Accumulation in Magazines
Audience Accumulation in Broadcast
Coverage
Newspaper Coverage
Magazine Coverage
Local Television and Radio Coverage
Spot Radio and Television Coverage in Multiple Markets
Network Television Coverage
Cable Television Coverage
Internet Coverage
Out-of-Home Media Coverage
Households Using Television (HUT)
Broadcast Impressions and Ratings
Average Audience Rating
The Three-Day Commercial Audience (C3) Rating
Share of Audience
CHAPTER FIVE
Advanced Measurements and Calculations
Gross Rating Points
GRPs in Broadcast Media
GRPs in Other Media
Gross Impressions
Reach
Why Audience is Only Counted Once
Types of Reach
Relationship Between Reach and Coverage
How Reach Builds over Time
Reach in Print Media
Multi-Media Reach
Random Duplication
Duplication Between Media Vehicles
Frequency
Frequency Distribution
Weighted Frequency Distribution
Relationship of Reach to Frequency
Effective Frequency
Response Curves and Effective Frequency
Effective-Frequency Numbers
Effective Reach: The Other Side of the Coin
Brief History of Effective Frequency
Naples Study
Questions Regarding Effective-Frequency Research
Is There a Need for Product Category Differentiation?
Is There a Threshold?
What is the Relationship Between Good Advertising and Effective Frequency?
Does Advertising Wear out When There Is Too Much Frequency?
Recency and the Shelf-Space Model of Media Planning
Recent Studies of Effective Frequency
Summary
CHAPTER SIX
Marketing Strategy and Media Planning
What a Media Planner Needs to Know
Situation Analysis
Marketing Strategy Plan
Marketing Objectives
Marketing Mix and Strategy
Budget
Creative Strategy
Dealers and Distribution
Overall Sales Strategy
Test Marketing
Competitive Media Expenditure Analysis
Principal Sources of Expenditure Data
Nielsen Monitor-Plus Syndicated Reports
Custom Competitive Reports
Online Buzz
Gathering and Assembling the Data
Analyzing the Data
Using Competitive Media Expenditure Analyses
International Competitive Analysis
Managing Media Planning and Buying
Sources of Marketing Data
Major Data Services
Other Sources of Data
CHAPTER SEVEN
Strategy Planning I: Who, Where, and When
Target Selection
Index Number Analysis
Lifestyle Analysis
Storyfinder
Psychographics, Attitudes and Buying Styles
Leisure Styles and Consumer Innovators
Focus Groups
Where to Advertise
Classification of Geographic Areas
Designated Market Area (DMA)
Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSA)
Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA and µSA)
City Zone and Retail Trading Zone
Newspaper Designated Market
Sales Analysis
Product Usage by DMA
Addressability
Heavy-User Data
Buying Power Indices
Brand Development Index (BDI)
Category Development Index (CDI)
Weighted BDIs and CDIs
Using Buying Power Indices
Cutoff Points
When to Advertise
Monthly Sales Patterns
Budget Constraints
Competitive Activities
Specific Goals for the Brand
Product Availability
Promotional Requirements
CHAPTER EIGHT
Strategy Planning II: Weighting, Reach, Frequency, and Scheduling
Geographic Weighting
Forms of Weighting
Share of Voice (Message Weight Distribution)
Guidelines for Geographic Weighting
Case Study 8-2 Weighting Markets on the Basis of Minimum BDIs and CDIs
Reach and Frequency
When to Emphasize Reach
When to Emphasize Frequency
Effective Frequency and Reach
Final Thoughts about Reach and Frequency
Scheduling
Continuity
Flighting
Pulsing
CHAPTER NINE
Selecting Media Classes: Intermedia Comparisons
Comparing Media
Consumer Media Classes
Newspapers—Reasons for Using
Newspapers—Limitations
Magazines—Reasons for Using
Magazines—Limitations
Newspaper Supplements—Reasons for Using
Newspaper Supplements—Limitations
Television—Reasons for Using
Television—Limitations
Cable TV—Reasons for Using
Cable TV—Limitations
Product placement TV – Reasons for Using
Product placement TV - Limitations
Radio—Reasons for Using
Radio—Limitations
Internet display—Reasons for Using
Internet display—Limitations
Sponsored search (SEM) – Reasons for Using
Sponsored search (SEM) - Limitations
Mobile digital – Reasons for Using
Mobile digital - Limitations
Direct Mail—Reasons for Using
Direct Mail—Limitations
Outdoor Advertising—Reasons for Using
Outdoor Advertising—Limitations
Transit Media—Reasons for Using
Transit Media—Limitations
Out-of-home Video – Reasons for Using
Out-of-home Video - Limitations
New Media Concepts
Place-Based Media
Database Media Planning
Cross-Media (or Multimedia Integration)
Intermedia Comparisons for Nonmeasured Media
Media Mix
When to Use a Media Mix
Criteria for Media Selection Beyond the Numbers
CHAPTER TEN
Principles of Planning Media Strategy
Media Strategy Concepts
Dominant Brand Presence in Media
Advertise When People Are Buying
Creative Strategy’s Impact on Media Strategy
Alternative Media Strategies
What Media Planners Should Know Before Starting to Plan
Marketing Problems
Recommended Actions
Complexities of a Strategy
How the Product Will Be Sold
How Advertising Sells a Product to One Customer
How to Neutralize the Competition’s Strategy
Cost of Strategies
Other Elements of Media Strategy
Media Targets
Creative Strategy
Reach and Frequency
Continuity
Budget Constraints
Creative Media Strategy
Guidelines for a Creative Media Strategy
Examples of Creative Media Strategies
Media Strategy Is Not Science
Relationships Among Reach, Frequency, Continuity, Number of Markets, and Ad Size
Weighing Alternatives
Setting Priorities
Choosing Media Strategies
Prevailing Wisdom
Typical Media Strategies and Alternatives
Channel Planning Software
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Evaluating and Selecting Media Vehicles
Determining Media Values for Magazines
Target Reach, Composition, and Cost-Efficiency
Magazine Planning Process
Other Media Values
Secondary Audiences
Editorial Environment
Special Opportunities in Magazines
Media Comparatives
Position Alternatives
Advertising Clutter and Product Protection
Circulation Trends
Advertising Copy Checking and Product Restrictions
Response to Coupons, Information, or Recipes
Available Discounts
Geographic Flexibility
Issue-to-issue Volatility
Qualitative Values of Media
Types of Qualitative Values
Subjective Qualitative Values
Using Qualitative Values
Ad Positions Within Media
Problems of Positioning Research
Some Position Effects
Internet Media Vehicles
Evaluating and Selecting Internet Media
Buying Internet Display Advertising
Buying Internet Search Advertising
A Continuously Evolving Online World
CHAPTER TWELVE
Media Costs and Buying Problems
Some Considerations in Planning and Buying Media
Media Costs
Television
Cable TV
Magazines
Newspapers
Radio
Internet
Out-of-Home Media
Media-Buying Problems
Network TV
Buying Network TV
Spot TV
Syndicated TV
Cable TV
Magazines
Newspapers
Radio
Internet
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Setting and Allocating the Budget
Setting the Budget
Traditional Methods of Budget Setting
Experimental Methods of Budget Setting
Factors in Determining the Size of an Advertising Budget
Allocating the Advertising Budget
Geographic Allocations
Payout Planning
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Testing, Experimenting, and Media Planning
Tests and Experiments
Why Test or Experiment?
How They Differ
Which Is Better?
Market Mix Modeling
Test Marketing
Purposes of Test Marketing
Advertiser-Run Market Tests
Research Designs Used in Test Marketing
Media Testing
Types of Media Testing
Requirements for Selecting Media Test Markets
Media Translations
Little U.S.A. versus “As It Falls” Philosophy
Translations in Radio and Television
Translations in Print
What Successful Media Tests Have In Common
APPENDIX 1:
Media-Planning Resources on the Internet
General Media-Planning Sites
Single Source Media/Marketing Research Sites
Broadcast-Planning Sites
Print-Planning Sites
Outdoor-Planning Sites
Internet-Planning Sites
Advertising Publication Sites
Advertising Industry Sites
GLOSSARY
INDEX