AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence

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In the summer of 1956, ten young scientists, some barely out of their doctoral studies, sat down to consider the astounding proposition that "every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can, in principle, be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." Armed with their own enthusiasm, the excitement of the idea itself, and an infusion of government money, they predicted that the whole range of human intelligence would be programmable within their own lifetimes. Nearly half ...
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1993 Hard cover NEW, Hardcover edition. ISBN 0465029973 New in new dust jacket. NEW, Hardcover edition. ISBN 0465029973 Sewn binding. Paper over boards. 400 p. Audience: ... General/trade. NEW, Hardcover edition. ISBN 0465029973 Read more Show Less

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Overview

In the summer of 1956, ten young scientists, some barely out of their doctoral studies, sat down to consider the astounding proposition that "every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can, in principle, be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." Armed with their own enthusiasm, the excitement of the idea itself, and an infusion of government money, they predicted that the whole range of human intelligence would be programmable within their own lifetimes. Nearly half a century later, the field has grown exponentially - with mixed results. Based on extensive interviews with the major players, including Marvin Minsky, Herbert Simon, Allen Newell, Raj Reddy, and Patrick Winston, AI is part intellectual history, part business history. Rich with anecdotes about the founders and leaders of the field and their celebrated feuds and intellectual gamesmanship, the book chronicles their dramatic successes ("expert" systems, robotics, "smart" technologies, and even world-class chess playing) and their equally dramatic failures (language processing, learning), and shows how early in the next century researchers hope to teach their computers "common sense," the next necessary breakthrough. The story of AI is an exhilarating saga of new programs and new hardware, yet it is also the story of a slow but steady acquisition of knowledge about how humans think. Daniel Crevier traces AI's emergence from the fields of philosophy, mathematics, psychology, and neurology, chronicling the development of primitive computing devices and ultimately the creation of a brave new world described chiefly in acronyms: SOAR, Cyc, EURISKO, among others. The quest for artificial intelligence raises profound issues about the nature of mind and soul as well as fascinating philosophical questions. Will we humans one day have to share our world with entities smarter than ourselves? And can we rely on these creations to make vital decisions for us - business
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Editorial Reviews

Publishers Weekly - Publisher's Weekly
An engineering professor at the University of Quebec and an entrepreneur in the field of artificial intelligence, Crevier predicts that by 2020 or so, computers will have acquired the critical facility that has evaded all thinking machines to date: the ability to reason on a commonsensical level. Setting aside the commanding implications of that speculation, Crevier focusses on AI social history in this chronicle of the more than 30-year engineering saga of the AI movement, citing observations of such guiding lights in the field as Marvin Minsky, Herbert Simon and Allen Newell. In documenting the jolts and starts of this relatively new area of inquiry (with its overload of acronyms), Crevier diminishes the dislocating effect of confronting an evolution in intelligence greater than our own. Like a sermon preached to believers, this update on the AI movement will appeal mostly to its followers. Library of Science and Small Computer Book Club alternates. (Apr.)
Library Journal
``Tumultuous'' may not be the right adjective to describe the history of artificial intelligence. Certainly, it has promised great things that often failed to materialize, so that the general effect has been more disappointment than tumult. Even the few success stories, like Mycin and Xcon, have their problems. Xcon, the expert configurator used by Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC), eventually began to crumble from its own weight. The cost to keep knowledge bases current proved to be far higher than anticipated. One joke at DEC is that Xcon replaced 75 systems people, but the expert system requires 150 to maintain it. Crevier traces the history, knows the people, and understands the technology. He concludes with a question: Are we creating the next species of intelligent life on Earth? He sees the answer as a major concern of the 21st century. For computer and technology collections.-- Hilary Burton, Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, Cal.
Booknews
And "tumultuous" it has been, with many inflated, and then deflated claims. Crevier recounts the evolution of this multidisciplinary pursuit (quest?) for the lay reader interested in the prominent personalities, major concepts, and ever-present political context of AI development. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Gilbert Taylor
Anxious that silicon matter will soon overpower gray matter? Despite Gary Kasparov's being one of the few humans who can still defeat the chess program Deep Thought, there's no need for worry, at least for now. An electronics engineer wearing a press hat, Crevier reveals in this tour through the labs and minds of AI scientists the formidable challenge of emulating the human thought process, a multifaceted mystery that blends formal logic, math, psychology, and linguistics. The computer, however powerful, can only follow a rigid heuristic procedure that, at some point, is confounded by common sense. The repetitive hints of this verity lie in the scores of projects undertaken in the AI community since machine intelligence became a notional possibility in the late 1950s and a commercial product (in the form of expert systems) in the 1980s. Presenting the history with the right level of complexity, this knowledgeable insider explains the projects, the visions of their theorists and creators, and the logical constructs they use in a way that humanizes the mechanical subject. An excellent overview, which the computer-literati will find irresistible, and whose news to homo sapiens panicked by the specter of sentiens ex machina is relax--but only, Crevier predicts, for the next 50 years.
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Product Details

  • ISBN-13: 9780465029976
  • Publisher: Basic Books
  • Publication date: 4/28/1993
  • Pages: 400
  • Lexile: 1280L (what's this?)

Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Probing the Mystery of Human Intelligence 1
1 Engineering Intelligence: Computers and Programming 9
2 The First AI Program: Defining the Field 26
3 The Dawn of the Golden Years: 1956-63 51
4 The Conquest of Micro Worlds: 1963-70 73
5 Clouds on the AI Horizon 108
6 The Tree of Knowledge 145
7 Coming of Age 163
8 The Rollercoaster of the 1980s 197
9 Game Playing: Checkmate for Machines? 217
10 Souls of Silicon 237
11 How Many Bulldozers for an Ant Colony? 281
12 The Silicon Challengers in Our Future 312
Notes 342
Index 369
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