| Foreword | i |
| Preface | iii |
1 | The Historical Development of Probation | 1 |
| Probation Versus Parole | 2 |
| The Development of Probation | 4 |
| The Role of the Probation Officer | 7 |
| The Probation Process | 9 |
| Conditions of Probation | 10 |
| Revocation of Probation | 11 |
| Probation Risk Scales | 12 |
| The Emergence of the Concept of Community Corrections | 14 |
| Problems and Issues in Probation | 16 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 19 |
| References | 22 |
2 | Recent Developments and Expansions in Probation Services | 25 |
| Intensive Supervision Probation | 27 |
| Shock Incarceration/Probation | 27 |
| Boot Camps | 28 |
| Restitution | 29 |
| Fines | 30 |
| Forfeiture | 31 |
| Community Service | 33 |
| Day Reporting Centers | 35 |
| Job Banks | 36 |
| Complex Offender Projects | 37 |
| Community Resource Management Teams | 38 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 38 |
| References | 41 |
3 | Correctional Perspectives and Issues and Electronic Monitoring | 43 |
| Rehabilitation or Punishment? | 46 |
| Social, Political and Economic Issues | 48 |
| The Rehabilitation Ideal | 50 |
| The Therapeutic Community | 53 |
| The Self-Help Approach | 54 |
| The Management and Control of Behavior Approach | 56 |
| Implications | 57 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 58 |
| References | 61 |
4 | Electronic Monitoring As An Alternative Sentence | 64 |
| Alternative Sentencing | 68 |
| Home Confinement | 70 |
| Electronically Monitored Home Confinement | 70 |
| Adult Probation and Electronic Monitoring | 76 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 78 |
| References | 80 |
5 | Basis for Correctional Case Management | 82 |
| Theoretical Support for Correctional Case Management | 84 |
| Individuals Choose Prosocial or Anti-Social Behaviors | 85 |
| Criminal Behavior is a Function of an Offender's Person: Environment Interaction | 85 |
| An Offender's Thinking Process is Oriented to Reality | 86 |
| Offender Behavior Represents Irrational and Illogical Thinking | 86 |
| The Nature of the Case Manager: Offender Relationship | 87 |
| Core Conditions of Empathetic Case Managers | 88 |
| Genuineness | 89 |
| Congruence | 89 |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | 90 |
| Empathetic Functioning | 91 |
| A Framework for Correctional Case Management | 92 |
| Skills for Problem-Solving: Data Collection | 92 |
| Skills for Problem-Solving: The Counseling Plan | 97 |
| Skills for Problem-Solving: Evaluation of the Outcomes | 98 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 99 |
| References | 100 |
6 | Correctional Case Management: Methods and Roles | 104 |
| The Case Manager Generalist Method | 105 |
| Correctional Case Management Generalist Roles | 106 |
| The Epidemiologist Role | 107 |
| The Broker Role | 108 |
| The Organizer Role | 109 |
| The Monitor Role | 111 |
| The Enabler Role | 113 |
| The Advocate Role | 114 |
| The Correctional Case Manager Counselor Method | 117 |
| Case Management Counselor Roles | 118 |
| Modeling Behavior Role | 119 |
| Discussant Role | 119 |
| Therapist Role | 120 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 132 |
| References | 133 |
7 | Descriptions of the Use of Electronic Monitoring in Three Selected Probation and Parole Departments | 135 |
| Dallas County Adult Probation Department | 135 |
| Harris County Adult Probation Department | 141 |
| Harris County Board of Pardons and Paroles | 142 |
| Probation and Parole Officers' Satisfaction with the Monitoring | 146 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 151 |
| References | 153 |
8 | A Study of the Effects of Electronically Monitored Home Confinement on Offenders and Their Home Environments | 154 |
| Methodology | 155 |
| Assessment Instruments | 158 |
| Socio-Demographic Questionnaire | 158 |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 159 |
| Family Environment Scale | 161 |
| Description of the Subjects by Geographical Jurisdiction | 163 |
| Demographic Description of Dallas County Probationers | 163 |
| Demographic Description of Denton County Probationers | 165 |
| Demographic Description of Harris County Probationers | 166 |
| Demographic Description of Dallas County Parolees | 167 |
| Demographic Description of Harris County Parolees | 169 |
| References | 171 |
9 | An Analysis of the Data Concerning the Effects of Electronically Monitored Home Confinement | 174 |
| Data Collection | 176 |
| Demographic Description of the Entire Sample | 176 |
| Demographic Description of the Sub-Samples | 178 |
| Pre-Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Results | 183 |
| Pre-Family Environment Scales (FES) Results | 184 |
| Explication of Pretest Results | 186 |
| Posttest Results for the BDI | 189 |
| Posttest Results for the FES | 191 |
| Explication of Pre-to-Post Changes | 193 |
| Prediction of Successful Completion of Community Supervision | 196 |
| Summary and Conclusions in re to Significant Analytical Results | 199 |
| Significant Others | 203 |
| Testing Devices | 203 |
| Socio-Demographic and Added Characteristics of Subjects | 203 |
| Analysis | 206 |
| References | 208 |
10 | Critical Issues in the Future for Electronic Monitoring Programs | 209 |
| Ethical Concerns | 209 |
| Proportionality | 210 |
| Intrusiveness | 211 |
| Dignity | 212 |
| Third Parties | 213 |
| Program Structure | 214 |
| Organizational Management | 216 |
| Outside Pressures and Influences | 219 |
| Summary and Postscript | 221 |
| References | 224 |