Table of Contents
Introduction: The Building Blocks of Anatomy and Physiology 7
The Chemistry of Cells 9
Chemical Bonds 14
Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates and Proteins 18
Organic Compounds: Lipids and Nucleic Acids 22
Important Inorganic Compounds 26
Components of a Cell 30
Molecular Trafficking 35
Cell Growth and Replication 38
DNA Replication 42
Transcription and Translation 46
Enzymes and Catalysis 50
Tissue Origins and Development 55
Epithelial Issue 58
Connective Issue and Muscle Tissue 61
Nervous Tissue 65
Skin, Hair, and Nale 69
Skin Structures and Functions 73
Skin Diseases and Disorders 77
The Skeletal System Bone Functions 81
Axial Skeleton 84
Appendicular Skeleton and Joints 88
Bone Growth, Repair, and Diseases 93
Major Skeletal Muscles 98
Neuromuscular Junction 103
Muscle Contraction 106
Muscle Diseases and Disorders 111
Nervous System Signal Transduction and Neurotransmitters 114
Brain and Spinal Cord 119
Peripheral Nervous System 122
Autonomic Nervous System 123
Nervous System Diseases and Disorders 127
Sensory System Reception and Perception 131
Vision 134
Hearing, Balance, Smell, and Taste 137
Sensory System Diseases and Disorders 141
Cardiovascular System and Heart Structure 143
Heart Regulation 146
Blood Vessels 150
Circulation 154
Red Blood Cells 158
White Blood Cells 162
Plasma and Platelets 165
Hemostasis 168
Blood Diseases and Disorders 170
Lymph and Lymphatic Circulation 173
Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs 177
Innate and Natural Immunity 182
Adaptive Immunity 186
Immune System Diseases and Disorders 192
Digestive System 195
The Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 199
The Lower Gastrointestinal Tract 204
Nutrition 210
Digestive System Diseases and Disorders 212
Respiratory System 215
Inhalation, Exhalation, and Gas Exchange 221
Respiratory Diseases and Disorders 227
Enoocrine System 230
Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders 238
Urinary System Structure 241
Urinary System Functions, Diseases, and Disorders 247
Male Reproductive System 255
Male Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders 265
Female Reproductive System 268
Female Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders 277
Index 279