Beef: The Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World
258Beef: The Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World
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Overview
The cow. The most industrious animal in the world. A beast central to human existence since time began, it has played a vital role in our history not only as a source of food, but also as a means of labor, an economic resource, an inspiration for art, and even as a religious icon. Prehistoric people painted it on cave walls; explorers, merchants, and landowners traded it as currency; many cultures worshipped it as a god. So how did it come to occupy the sorry state it does today—more factory product than animal?
In Beef, Andrew Rimas and Evan D. G. Fraser answer that question, telling the story of cattle in its entirety. From the powerful auroch, a now extinct beast once revered as a mystical totem, to the dairy cows of seventeenth-century Holland to the frozen meat patties and growth hormones of today, the authors deliver an engaging panoramic view of the cow's long and colorful history.
Peppered with lively anecdotes, recipes, and culinary tidbits, Beef tells a story that spans the globe, from ancient Mediterranean bullfighting rings to the rugged grazing grounds of eighteenth-century England, from the quiet farms of Japan's Kobe beef cows to crowded American stockyards to remote villages in East Africa, home of the Masai, a society to which cattle mean everything. Leaving no stone unturned in its exploration of the cow's legacy, the narrative serves not only as a compelling story but as a call to arms, offering practical solutions for confronting the current condition of the wasteful beef and dairy industries.
Beef is a captivating history of an animal whose relationship with humanity has shaped the world as we know it, and readers will never look at steak the same way again.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780061982057 |
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Publisher: | HarperCollins Publishers |
Publication date: | 12/15/2023 |
Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
Format: | eBook |
Pages: | 258 |
Sales rank: | 889,151 |
File size: | 874 KB |
About the Author
Andrew Rimas is a journalist and the managing editor of the Improper Bostonian Magazine. He has worked as an associate editor for Boston Magazine and his writing has appeared in the Boston Globe, Boston Globe Magazine, and the Ottawa Citizen, among other publications. He lives in Boston.
Evan D. G. Fraser earned his doctorate from the University of British Columbia and currently teaches at the School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, UK, where he also does research on farming and the environment. He has published numerous scholarly research articles and written several policy briefs on issues such as sustainable agriculture, climate change, and "the food system." Dr. Fraser lives in the Yorkshire Dales in Northern England.
Read an Excerpt
Beef
The Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World
Chapter One
From Horn to Hoof
The Ecological and Evolutionary Origins of the Cow: Prehistory—8000 B.C.
The Thread in the Labyrinth
Picasso's Minotaur and the Spirit of Cattle
The Spanish pavilion at the 1937 Paris World's Fair opened to a puff of tepid headlines and a yawn from the summer-slow picnickers on the Seine. And no surprise. A few weeks earlier, Paris had weathered the openings of the Nazi German and Soviet pavilions—Herculean mounds of concrete erected to dueling ideologies, between which the modest Spanish building was a mere bungalow rolled out in the name of a lowercase "republicanism." Even the promised unveiling of a giant Picasso mural didn't stir up much more than froth in the café gossip.
That is, until people actually saw Guernica, as Picasso's painting is known. Its subject was an average atrocity by modern standards, but in 1937 it had the power to appall. Two months before the Paris exhibition, German bombers flying for the fascist side in the Spanish Civil War obliterated a civilian target far from the front lines. The massacre killed fifteen hundred people. Picasso had long ago proven he could make strong critics faint and send belle artistes dashing for their fractured mirrors, but he had never yet managed to horrify everybody. It took Guernica, and Guernica, to do that.
The painting wasn't horrible because it depicted war. It was horrible for depicting horror. A twenty-three-foot slash of newsprint-colored violence, it hung behind a workingfountain of red mercury. To Paris's lunching gentlemen and girls in frocks, this was something entirely new. Otto Dix and George Grosz had drawn the First World War's seas of corpses in the 1920s, but Guernica's subject wasn't dead soldiers. It was women, children, and beasts in the act of dismemberment—limbs and heads separating by means of high explosives (making it a perfect subject for cubism, for Picasso's famous splintered eye). Gray and sickly, like a bruise the size of a whale, Guernica is a particularly modern obscenity. It's now an icon of the age of broken glass, airplanes, and random blood pools. Of the age that is our own.
Inside the picture itself, among the blasted innocents, stand two animals. One is a skewered horse, screaming in the dumb, brute pain of dying. The other is a bull standing under a lightbulb, its horns bulging from an asymmetrical skull lump that echoes its scrotal bag. The bull is a fixed hulk, unmoved by the slaughter around it. It may even be complicit, since the horse looks like it's been gored. During an interview in 1944, Picasso said that the bull represented "dark forces," while the horse stood for the Spanish people. Another time he insisted, exasperatedly, that "The bull is a bull and the horse is a horse. These are openly animals, massacred animals. That's all, so far as I am concerned!"1
Well, no. Picasso didn't like to give away his metaphors, and a bull, especially one placed by a Spanish painter inside his greatest work, isn't mere bystanding livestock. A bull is always more than that. Is it Picasso's original "dark forces"? Distilled cruelty? The animal mask of war? Or is it a symbol for the Spanish nation?2
Good art, much less great art, isn't a code, like a peach clutched by some dusty medieval Virgin. To grope for an exclusive truth behind Picasso's bull misses the point that bulls, like lions, eagles, and unicorns, are charged with millennia of cultural presumptions. So while we can argue that the bull represents Spain, and its stillness is a counterpoint to the screeching female stumbling up from the lower right-hand field, thereby hinting at a dichotomy more elemental than mere political symbols, that would be playing the game of allegories.3 The Guernica bull isn't a national totem, nor is it shorthand for brutality. It's bigger than that.
Picasso understood that the bull, beyond its heraldic clutter, is a throwback to a time before cities existed to be bombed, before civilization existed to be shocked. Under the glare of an electric bulb, we see an ancient face that is neither good nor evil. It is solely dangerous.
Painters all have their favorite monsters, and Picasso's was the Minotaur, the man-bull that crouches, steeped in a Freudian fog, at the center of the artist's twists and feints. Picasso hammered out Minotaurs like a refrain.4 He drew them attacking women, or raising a glass to toast the spent bodies in an orgy, or being held at bay by the frail light of a child's upheld candle. They are dark forces, masculine ones. In one etching from 1934, a blind Minotaur walks hand in hand with a girl clutching a plump, white dove—dark forces tamed. But that was before the German bombers flew their devilish sorties over a living city in the north of Spain, leading Picasso to paint a bull that stands, unflinching, in the jagged nexus between primeval force and the phosphorus bomb.
The paradox of Guernica's bull is that it exists in two worlds, an ancient creature bathed in an antiseptic, high-wattage glow. Bulls have become beasts of the stockyard and the chemical feed trough, but their bodies are testaments to long-vanished grasslands and unmarred skies. To understand the spirit that infuses Picasso's painting you have to look at history—a maze more tangled than the logical weave of silicon circuits. This is history as a labyrinth; by turn and corner, this has to be felt to be explored. Artists are naturals at doing this, and Picasso, in the electric dawn of the Jaded Age, was the great artist of his time, proving his mastery by showing the Paris crowds that, despite our newfound knack with motors and steel, we are no different from our grandsires who scraped at flint in the starlight. The story behind the Guernica bull must begin with its flesh, its meat, and its horn.
In Picasso's Spain, bulls lived both in bleached concrete pens and in an ancient place of symbols, sun, and blood. They still do today. Spain is where the thread leads into the labyrinth.
BeefThe Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World. Copyright © by Andrew Rimas. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Available now wherever books are sold.
Table of Contents
Introduction xi
How to Eat Beef xiii
Culinary Interlude: Rib Eye Steak xv
Big Trouble in the Beef Business xvii
Section 1 Audumla 1
1 From Horn to Hoof (The Ecological and Evolutionary Origins of the Cow: Prehistory-8000 B.C.) 3
The Thread in the Labyrinth: Picasso's Minotaur and the Spirit of Cattle 3
What is a Cow? 9
Culinary Interlude: Nine Primal Cuts 14
Domestication: How the Cows Came Home 16
Meat, Milk, Muscle, and Dung 24
Pity and Fear: Ernest Hemingway's Bullfights 29
The Coconut Theory of Animal Husbandry 32
The Reddest Meat of All 36
Culinary Interlude: Bull's Tail Stew 37
Delamere's Cattle 38
2 The Food of the Gods (The Origin of Religion: 8000 B.C.-400 B.C.) 43
Bull Gods on Hadrian's Wall 43
Culinary Interlude: A Mithraic Dinner with Meatballs 46
First Rites 48
Early Myths and Legends: The Cattle of the Sun and the Bull of Heaven 53
Culinary Interlude: Homeric Roast Beef 55
Early Myths and Legends Explained (Part I): Metamorphoses 57
Early Myths and Legends Explained (Part II): A Man of His Times 60
The Bible's One, True Bull God 64
Culinary Interlude: A Fatted Calf 70
The Cattle of the Sun, Revisited 71
A Lucky Killing 72
3 The Brown Bull of Ulster (Wealth and Honor: 400 B.C.-A.D. 1500) 75
King Servius Tullius Strikes Gold 75
Cow Heroes: Rustling for Fun and Profit 77
Culinary Interlude: Prophecy Broth 81
Monks and the Rise of Cheese 84
Culinary Interlude: Cheddar 86
Culinary Interlude: A Catalog of Noble Cheeses 90
A Medieval Banquet 92
Culinary Interlude: Beef y-stywyd, or the Ribs of Henry IV 94
Cow Villains: TheReivers 95
Ole Lemurt's Hero 98
Section 2 The Cloven Hoof 103
4 Gene Pools and Paint Pots (The Birth of Modernity: The Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) 105
A Perfect Teat: Dutch Milkers 105
Culinary Interlude: Jersey Cream and Fresh Berries 110
"All Is Useless That Is Not Flesh…": Bigger, Better Beeves 111
Culinary Interlude: Lumber Pye 115
Toro Bravo's Brave New World: The Conquest of New Spain 122
The Woman of Narok 132
5 Cattle Kings And Dairy Queens (The Industrialization of Food: The Nineteenth Century) 139
War, Pandemics, and Famine 139
Culinary Interlude: Steak Tartare 140
Chemical Solutions: Making Food Last Longer 149
Culinary Interlude: Roast Beef and Yorkshire Pudding 150
Cowboys and Barbed Wire 154
Culinary Interlude: Barbecue and Beef Jerky 163
Bubbly Creek and the Union Stock Yards 164
Cuchulainn Defeated? 166
Carnivore 170
6 The $300 Sirloin (Cattle in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries) 175
Death of a Small-Town Butcher 175
Two Dodos: The Beef and Milk Industries Today 179
Culinary Interlude: The American Hamburger 182
A Dry Future 185
The Criollo Solution 191
Ethical Eating 197
Meden Agan: Japanese Wagyu Beef 201
Culinary Interlude: Wagyu Sashimi 204
Titus Salt, the Great Paternalist 204
Epilogue 209
Acknowledgments 213
Endnotes 215
Index 229