In the definitive history of a twentieth-century public health disaster, Alan Derickson recounts how for decades after methods of prevention were known hundreds of thousands of American miners suffered and died from black lung, a respiratory illness caused by the inhalation of coal mine dust. The combined failure of government, medicine, and industry to halt the spread of this disease—and even to acknowledge its existence—resulted in a national tragedy, the effects of which are still being felt.
The book begins in the late nineteenth century, when the disorders brought on by exposure to coal mine dust was first identified as components of a debilitating and distinctive illness. For several decades thereafter, coal miners’ dust disease was accepted, in both lay and professional circles, as a major industrial disease. Derickson describes how after the turn of the century medical professionals and industry representatives worked to discredit and supplant knowledge about black lung, with such success that this disease ceased to be recognized. Many authorities maintained that breathing coal mine dust was actually beneficial to health.
Derickson shows that activists ultimately forced society to overcome its complacency about this deadly and preventable disease. He chronicles the growth of an unprecedented movement—from the turn-of-the-century miners’ union, to the social medicine activists in the mid-twentieth century, and the black lung insurgents of the late sixties—which eventually won landmark protections and compensation with the enactment of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in 1969.
An extraordinary work of scholarship, Black Lung exposes the enormous human cost of producing the energy source responsible for making the United States the world’s preeminent industrial nation. The book also provides a stark warning about the risks of ignoring or denying the existence of an occupational disease. Americans today are paying dearly for the decades when black lung was not recognized: compensation to disabled miners and their families has cost more than thirty billion dollars thus far. More important, society’s denial of the dangers of coal mine dust shortened and impoverished the lives of miners, who today are too often breathless and displaced, destroyed by their work.
Alan Derickson is Professor of Labor and Employment Relations and History at Pennsylvania State University. His book Workers’ Health, Workers’ Democracy: The Western Miners’ Struggle, 1891–1925 was the recipient of the Philip Taft Labor History Award. He is the author most recently of Dangerously Sleepy: Overworked Americans and the Cult of Manly Wakefulness.
Table of Contents
Illustrations ix
Preface xi
Abbreviations xv
1 They Spit a Black Substance 1
2 Twice a Boy 22
3 The Atmosphere of the Mine Is Now Vindicated 43
4 Sheep-like Acceptance of Half-Baked Statements 60
5 To Bits 87
6 Frightening Figures 112
7 Extreme Solidarity 143
Notes 183
Index 229
What People are Saying About This
David Rosner
Black Lung is a masterful piece of work that finally brings together all the elements of labor, medical, political, and social history.
Charles Rosenberg
A passionately argued study of a 'disease' that has in the past century and a half been constructed, dismissed, and reconstructed, Black Lung is an important addition to a growing literature on the history of occupational health.
Kathryn Kish Sklar
The definitive account of this American tragedy, Black Lung is a very important book for the history of American public policy and also adds substantially to our understanding of the industrial revolution.
Ralph Nader
Alan Derickson's Black Lung chronicles a century of betrayal of the coal miners—decades of duplicity, cover-up, and cowardliness by the coal barons, government officials, and the miners' own union leaders.
