A different approach to training for runners
I wrote this review for our local running club: Fitzgerald, a professional coach who may be familiar to you as a contributor to Runner¿s World and author of other running books, proposes a very different approach to training for running. To be more accurate, he proposes a different goal in training than our usual focus on cardiovascular fitness. Fitzgerald asserts that our limits as runners are set more by our brain than by our heart and lungs (actually, no one now thinks lung capacity is limiting). This makes a lot of sense, and answers some puzzles that have been bothering me.: First, why should a given pace feels hard in a workout but easy in a race? If the pace you can maintain is simply matter of lactate accumulation and acidosis, why should it be different in the two situations? Second, why does a finishing kick exist? If you are truly out of fuel (glycogen depleted) at the end of an endurance race, where is that ¿extra¿ energy coming from? Third, how is it that we are so good at moderating our race pace for different distances? If I tell you to race 5.3 miles or 9.2, you will choose a pace such that you are similarly exhausted at the race¿s end. Somehow, we can calibrate your effort even to odd distances. The answer, Fitzgerald argues, is that your subconscious brain is running the show. The brain collects data from the body and monitors your status. Its goal is prevent catastrophic failure of any of our systems that might occur from extreme departure from homeostasis. Homeostasis is the regulation of our physiology within functional boundaries. The brain interprets physiological stress (as during a hard workout or race) as impending disaster and induces your conscious decision to slow down. It does this by producing sensations of discomfort and distress. It is pretty good at this! In fact, Fitzgerald argues, the brain is too good at this, at least for our ambitions as runners. This is because the brain is overly cautious. Fitzgerald mentions scientific studies that indicate that we do not approach truly dangerous levels of lactate buildup, muscle pH, or glycogen depletion. In one study, isolated muscle fibers in the laboratory can endure much greater stress than we experience in races without failure. Although studies on isolated fibers may not extrapolate to the integrated body in an uncomplicated way, it is pretty obvious that racers are not actually close to death at the end of a race. In short, the Brain Training theory is that our brains limit our maximum performance, not our physiology. While cardiovascular fitness is still important, the brain training aspect of Fitzgerald¿s approach is a systematic attempt to recalibrate the threshold your brain will allow you to reach before applying its brake. While this recalibration may be an outcome of normal training, it is not a specific goal. With the implicit hypothesis that familiarity with racing levels of stress brings about the hoped for brain recalibration, Brain Training focuses on race-specific workouts and experience of race levels of mental stress. Brain training also encompasses improvements in neuromuscular fitness. Neuromuscular fitness is achieved by the training of specific neural pathways from brain to muscle. Every motor skill improves with practice (think of knitting, typing, or shooting a basketball). Although running does not involve fine dexterity, running form can be improved by practice, and Fitzgerald instructs us to perform a variety of exercises and drills to improve form. Some of these involve proprioception ¿the sensory system that makes you aware of where your appendages are in three-dimensional space. Fitzgerald is also a strong advocate of cross-training, including strength and flexibility exercises. While these are not intrinsic components of Brain Training, they are related, for i
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