Calculus Reordered: A History of the Big Ideas

How our understanding of calculus has evolved over more than three centuries, how this has shaped the way it is taught in the classroom, and why calculus pedagogy needs to change

Calculus Reordered takes readers on a remarkable journey through hundreds of years to tell the story of how calculus evolved into the subject we know today. David Bressoud explains why calculus is credited to seventeenth-century figures Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, and how its current structure is based on developments that arose in the nineteenth century. Bressoud argues that a pedagogy informed by the historical development of calculus represents a sounder way for students to learn this fascinating area of mathematics.

Delving into calculus’s birth in the Hellenistic Eastern Mediterranean—particularly in Syracuse, Sicily and Alexandria, Egypt—as well as India and the Islamic Middle East, Bressoud considers how calculus developed in response to essential questions emerging from engineering and astronomy. He looks at how Newton and Leibniz built their work on a flurry of activity that occurred throughout Europe, and how Italian philosophers such as Galileo Galilei played a particularly important role. In describing calculus’s evolution, Bressoud reveals problems with the standard ordering of its curriculum: limits, differentiation, integration, and series. He contends that the historical order—integration as accumulation, then differentiation as ratios of change, series as sequences of partial sums, and finally limits as they arise from the algebra of inequalities—makes more sense in the classroom environment.

Exploring the motivations behind calculus’s discovery, Calculus Reordered highlights how this essential tool of mathematics came to be.

1129768619
Calculus Reordered: A History of the Big Ideas

How our understanding of calculus has evolved over more than three centuries, how this has shaped the way it is taught in the classroom, and why calculus pedagogy needs to change

Calculus Reordered takes readers on a remarkable journey through hundreds of years to tell the story of how calculus evolved into the subject we know today. David Bressoud explains why calculus is credited to seventeenth-century figures Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, and how its current structure is based on developments that arose in the nineteenth century. Bressoud argues that a pedagogy informed by the historical development of calculus represents a sounder way for students to learn this fascinating area of mathematics.

Delving into calculus’s birth in the Hellenistic Eastern Mediterranean—particularly in Syracuse, Sicily and Alexandria, Egypt—as well as India and the Islamic Middle East, Bressoud considers how calculus developed in response to essential questions emerging from engineering and astronomy. He looks at how Newton and Leibniz built their work on a flurry of activity that occurred throughout Europe, and how Italian philosophers such as Galileo Galilei played a particularly important role. In describing calculus’s evolution, Bressoud reveals problems with the standard ordering of its curriculum: limits, differentiation, integration, and series. He contends that the historical order—integration as accumulation, then differentiation as ratios of change, series as sequences of partial sums, and finally limits as they arise from the algebra of inequalities—makes more sense in the classroom environment.

Exploring the motivations behind calculus’s discovery, Calculus Reordered highlights how this essential tool of mathematics came to be.

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Calculus Reordered: A History of the Big Ideas

Calculus Reordered: A History of the Big Ideas

by David M. Bressoud
Calculus Reordered: A History of the Big Ideas

Calculus Reordered: A History of the Big Ideas

by David M. Bressoud

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Overview

How our understanding of calculus has evolved over more than three centuries, how this has shaped the way it is taught in the classroom, and why calculus pedagogy needs to change

Calculus Reordered takes readers on a remarkable journey through hundreds of years to tell the story of how calculus evolved into the subject we know today. David Bressoud explains why calculus is credited to seventeenth-century figures Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, and how its current structure is based on developments that arose in the nineteenth century. Bressoud argues that a pedagogy informed by the historical development of calculus represents a sounder way for students to learn this fascinating area of mathematics.

Delving into calculus’s birth in the Hellenistic Eastern Mediterranean—particularly in Syracuse, Sicily and Alexandria, Egypt—as well as India and the Islamic Middle East, Bressoud considers how calculus developed in response to essential questions emerging from engineering and astronomy. He looks at how Newton and Leibniz built their work on a flurry of activity that occurred throughout Europe, and how Italian philosophers such as Galileo Galilei played a particularly important role. In describing calculus’s evolution, Bressoud reveals problems with the standard ordering of its curriculum: limits, differentiation, integration, and series. He contends that the historical order—integration as accumulation, then differentiation as ratios of change, series as sequences of partial sums, and finally limits as they arise from the algebra of inequalities—makes more sense in the classroom environment.

Exploring the motivations behind calculus’s discovery, Calculus Reordered highlights how this essential tool of mathematics came to be.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780691189161
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Publication date: 07/16/2019
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 242
File size: 28 MB
Note: This product may take a few minutes to download.

About the Author

David M. Bressoud is DeWitt Wallace Professor of Mathematics at Macalester College and Director of the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences. His many books include Second Year Calculus and A Radical Approach to Lebesgue’s Theory of Integration. He lives in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Table of Contents

Preface xi

Chapter 1 Accumulation 1

1.1 Archimedes and the Volume of the Sphere 1

1.2 The Area of the Circle and the Archimedean Principle 7

1.3 Islamic Contributions 11

1.4 The Binomial Theorem 17

1.5 Western Europe 19

1.6 Cavalieri and the Integral Formula 21

1.7 Fermat's Integral and Torricelli's Impossible Solid 25

1.8 Velocity and Distance 29

1.9 Isaac Beeckman 32

1.10 Galileo Galilei and the Problem of Celestial Motion 35

1.11 Solving the Problem of Celestial Motion 38

1.12 Kepler's Second Law 42

1.13 Newton's Principia 44

Chapter 2 Ratios of Change 49

2.1 Interpolation 50

2.2 Napier and the Natural Logarithm 57

2.3 The Emergence of Algebra 64

2.4 Cartesian Geometry 70

2.5 Pierre de Fermat 75

2.6 Wallis's Arithmetic of Infinitesimals 81

2.7 Newton and the Fundamental Theorem 87

2.8 Leibniz and the Bernoullis 90

2.9 Functions and Differential Equations 93

2.10 The Vibrating String 99

2.11 The Power of Potentials 103

2.12 The Mathematics of Electricity and Magnetism 104

Chapter 3 Sequences of Partial Sums 108

3.1 Series in the Seventeenth Century 110

3.2 Taylor Series 114

3.3 Euler's Influence 120

3.4 D'Alembert and the Problem of Convergence 125

3.5 Lagrange Remainder Theorem 128

3.6 Fourier's Series 134

Chapter 4 The Algebra of Inequalities 141

4.1 Limits and Inequalities 142

4.2 Cauchy and the Language of ∈ and δ 144

4.3 Completeness 149

4.4 Continuity 151

4.5 Uniform Convergence 154

4.6 Integration 157

Chapter 5 Analysis 163

5.1 The Riemann Integral 163

5.2 Counterexamples to the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus 166

5.3 Weierstrass and Elliptic Functions 173

5.4 Subsets of the Real Numbers 178

5.5 Twentieth-Century Postscript 183

Appendix. Reflections on the Teaching Of Calculus 186

Teaching Integration as Accumulation 186

Teaching Differentiation as Ratios of Change 189

Teaching Series as Sequences of Partial Sums 191

Teaching Limits as the Algebra of Inequalities 193

The Last Word 196

Notes 199

Bibliography 209

Index 215

Image Credits 223

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

"Any lover of mathematics will appreciate the time spent among these pages."—A. Misseldine, Choice



"A great companion for students studying analysis, and calculus instructors will find it an enriching experience."Mathematics Magazine



"I wish David Bressoud’s beautifully and accessibly written book had been available to me back when I was a mathematics student. By tracing the trail of ideas and advances in calculus over many centuries, his account brings to life a story not of a small number of isolated geniuses, as is usually told, but rather a wonderful march forward, pursued by a great many individuals on multiple continents."—Keith Devlin, author of The Man of Numbers and Finding Fibonacci

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