Table of Contents
Introduction: How to Use This 8ook 1
The Structure of This Book 6
The Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Mantra 8
Introduction to the Recycling System 11
The U.S. Curbside Recycling System 12
Plastic "Recycling" Bags 14
What Does "Recyclable" Mean? 16
Resin Identification Codes 18
History of Resin Identification Codes 20
Material Types Made with Plastic Resins 22
PET vs. Polystyrene Food Containers 24
Expanded Polysterene Food Containers 25
The Flow of Materials 26
Resource Extraction 28
Fenceline Communities 30
Total Waste Generation 32
Global Plastic Production 34
What We Recycle 36
How We Recycle 37
Bottle and Can Deposits 39
Recycling Drop-Off Centers 42
State-of-the-Art Recycling Facilities 44
Glass-Recycling Facilities 52
The Commodities Market 54
Commodities Pricing: It's All about End Markets! 56
Processing Bales of Recycled Material 60
Wishcycling Is Not Helpful 62
Post-Consumer Recycled Content 64
Mandating Post-Consumer Recycled Content 66
Mail-In and Drop-Off Recycling Programs for Non-Recyclable Packaging 68
Other Waste Processing and Disposal 71
Curbside Composting 72
Anaerobic Digestion 74
"Compostable" Plastic 76
Incineration 78
Chemical Recycling 80
Modern Sanitary Landfills 82
Zero Waste and Alternative Daily Cover (ADC) 84
Individual Items: Can I Recycle This? 87
Colors Used in This Section 88
Bags and Boxes
Plastic Carryout Bags 90
Plastic Carryout Bags (in Grocery Store Drop-Off Bins) 92
Paper Carryout Bags 94
Cardboard Boxes 96
Plastic and Multilayer Delivery Envelopes 98
Paper Delivery Envelopes 99
Beverage Containers and Drinkware
Plastic Straws 100
Colorful Plastic Party Cups 102
Foam Coffee Cups 104
Paper Coffee Cups 106
Coffee Cup Lids 107
Plastic Water Bottles and Caps 108
The Bottle Cap Debate 110
The Float-Sink Test 112
Aluminum Soda Cans 114
Glass Beer Bottles 116
Metal Beer Bottle Caps 119
Milk Jugs 120
Milk Cartons 121
Coconut Water Cartons 122
Juice Pouches 123
Plastic Coffee Pods 124
Wine Corks 126
Single-Use Foodware and Packaged Food Containers
Glass Jelly Jars with Metal Lids 127
Plastic Forks 128
Plastic Takeout Food Containers 130
Coated-Paper Takeout Food Containers 131
Pizza Boxes 132
Ketchup and Condiment Packets 134
Condiment Cups 136
Soup Cans 138
Cereal Boxes 139
Cocktail Peanut Cans 140
Chip Bags 142
Candy Wrappers 143
Aerosol Whipped-Cream Cans 144
Baby Food Pouches 146
Yogurt Cups 147
Mesh Clementine Bags 148
Paper Egg Cartons 149
Home Goods and Personal Items
Office Paper: Special NYC Edition 150
Paper Towels and Tissues 152
Aluminum Foil 154
Clothing Hangers 156
Clothing and Fabric 157
Shoes 158
Eyeglasses 160
Disposable Contact Lens Blister Packs 161
Shampoo Bottles 162
Rx Bottles 164
Lighters 166
Face Masks 167
Toothbrushes 168
Toothpaste Tubes 169
Tools
Light Bulbs 170
Batteries 172
Lithium-Ion Batteries (Again!) 174
Flashlights 176
Garden Hoses 177
Extension Cords and Christmas Lights 178
Cell Phones and Laptops 179
The Take-Homes about Recycling 180
The Human Impacts of Shipping Recyclables Internationally 183
Recycling Exports: Why China? 184
China's National Sword Policy 186
The Human Impacts of Shipping Recyclables Internationally 188
Ban International Export of Plastic Waste 190
Plastics in the Ocean (and Everywhere!) 193
Plastic Smog 194
Floating Animals and Plants in the Open Ocean 197
Turtles and Albatross 198
Beach Cleanups 200
Harbor Cleanups 201
Marketing of Ocean Plastic 202
Plastics on Our Plates 205
Voyage to an Ocean Gyre 206
Personal Solutions 209
Personal Solutions 210
Bring Your Own Everything 211
Next Level: BYO Food Containers 212
Buy Food (and Anything You Can) in Bulk 214
Buy Vintage 215
Personal Waste Audit 216
Beware of Greenwashing 219
Make Your Voice Heard to Corporations 220
Policy Solutions 223
Introduction to Plastics Policy 224
How to Get Involved with Plastics Laws 225
Find Organizations Working on Plastics Policy 226
How a Bill Becomes a Law 228
Examples of Plastics Laws 230
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Laws for Packaging 232
The Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act (BFFPPA) 234
The Future of Plastics Policy 235
Reuse or Recycle This Book! 239
Acknowledgments 241
Sources 245
Index 249