CDMA Radio with Repeaters / Edition 1

Preface     xv
Abbreviations     xix
Introduction and Preview     1
Evolution of Distributed Radio Access in the Cellular Communications     1
The Cellular Communications Concept     1
The Coverage Challenge     3
The Cost of the Service     4
The Evolution of Repeaters in the Cellular Service     5
Classification of Repeaters     6
Distributed Wireless Communications     6
Repeaters in the Cellular Communications     7
Repeaters in Multiple Access Systems     9
Repeater Classification by their Backhaul Conduit     11
Repeater Classification by Application     14
Repeaters in the CDMA Cellular Network     14
Repeater Interaction with the Network, and Tuning     14
Impact of Repeaters on the CDMA Network     15
Cost Considerations     17
Theme of the Book     18
The Complexity of the Multiple Access Mobile Communications Channel     18
Propagation Modeling     18
System Modeling     20
Theme of the Book     20
Organization of the Book     20
CDMA Air Interface Overview     23
Cellular WirelessCommunications     23
CDMA IS 95 Air Interface Overview     25
System Concept     25
Logical and Physical Channels     28
Power Control     30
Soft Handoff     32
Third Generation - 3G     34
The Motivation     34
The Standardization     34
The Features and Techniques     35
CDMA2000     36
Introduction     36
Forward Link     36
Reverse Link     37
WCDMA UMTS     38
CDMA Timeline     38
Forward Link Time Multiplexing     39
1xEV-DO     40
1xEV-DV     41
HSDPA     42
The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel     45
Overview of the Mobile Wireless Channel     45
Introduction     45
Channel Characteristics     45
Path-Loss and Channel Fluctuations     46
Path-Gain Physics     47
The Transmission Equation     47
Wave Reflection from a Perfectly Conducting Plane     48
Reflection at the Interface between Dielectric Media     50
The Two-Ray, Flat Earth Propagation Model     53
Lateral Waves at the Interface - Forest Propagation     55
Diffraction     57
Path-Gain Prediction Models     62
The Role of Measurement and of Modeling in Channel Characterization and Prediction     62
Physically Based Prediction Models     63
Building Penetration and Indoors Propagation     65
Heuristic Models     67
Multipath and Fading     67
Impulse Response     67
Coherent Time and Coherent Bandwidth     69
Fading Statistics     71
Polarization Effects     73
Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves     73
The Depolarization of Electromagnetic Waves     74
Antennas and Coverage     75
Introduction     75
Antenna Parameters     76
Gain of an Aperture Antenna and the Sidelobe "Skirt"     78
Wave Field Regions     79
Dipole Antenna     80
Colinear Arrays     80
Coverage Shaping     81
Antenna Diversity     86
Antenna Noise Temperature     92
Coupling between On-Site Antennas     94
Radio Access Related Performance of CDMA Cellular Networks     101
CDMA Forward and Reverse Links      101
Reverse Link Coverage-Capacity Assessment     102
The Reverse Link Equation     103
Capacity Limit and Noise Rise     105
Impact of Tower-Top LNA (TTLNA) and of Diversity     106
Cells with Different Size and Load     106
Soft Handoff and the Definition of the Cell Boundary     107
The Reverse Link Cell Boundary     108
Cell Coverage and "Cell Breathing"     108
Cell Jamming     111
The Forward Link Cell Boundary     113
Forward Link Assessment     113
Derivation of the Forward Link Equation     113
The Orthogonality Function     115
Orthogonality and Diversity Gain     117
Orthogonality and Forward Link Power Control     120
Forward Link Capacity     120
User Distribution     123
Capacity Limit of the Forward Link     124
Coverage and Capacity - Call Blocking and Dropped Calls     124
Capacity Measurement     125
Link Balancing     125
Coverage Balance     126
Capacity Balance     126
Balancing the Links by Controlling the Pilot Power     126
Link Balancing by Beam Control     130
Load Balancing     130
Soft Handoff Search Window     131
Heterogeneous Cell Clustering     131
Cell Shaping     131
Microcells     134
Omni Cells     138
Network Optimization     142
Objectives     142
The Dimensions of Optimization     142
Scope and Dynamics of Optimization     144
Diversity in Transmission and Reception     149
Overview of Diversity in Communications     149
Introduction     149
Diversity Dimensions     153
Macro- and Micro-Diversity     157
Diversity Combining     158
Selection Diversity Processing     159
Equal-Gain Combining Diversity Processing     161
Maximal Ratio Combining Diversity Processing     162
RF Diversity Methods in CDMA Cellular Systems     166
Space Diversity     166
Polarization Diversity     167
Angle Diversity     169
Transmit Diversity     169
Time-Delay Transmit Diversity (TDTD)     170
Phase-Sweep Transmit Diversity (PSTD)     173
Relaying and Cascading Diversity in Remote RANs     174
Direct Diversity Relaying      174
Remote Transmit Diversity     176
PseudoDiversity Combining (PDC) - Relaying RL Diversity     177
Diversity Reception of Relayed Diversity Branches     178
The Impact of Diversity on the CDMA Cellular Network     178
Diversity in the Reverse Link     179
Transmit Diversity in the Forward Link     180
Time-Delay Transmit Diversity     180
Phase-Sweeping Transmit Diversity (PSTD)     185
Comparative Evaluation     187
Impact of Diversity on Network Probes and Status Measurement     187
Repeaters Embedded in the CDMA Radio Access Network     193
Modeling of the Repeater in the CDMA Network     193
Classification of Repeaters by their Interaction with the Donor Cell     196
Embedded Repeaters     196
Range Extension Repeaters     196
Cell boundary Repeaters     197
Remote Repeaters     197
Interaction of the Repeater with the CDMA Network     198
Repeater Modeling - Reverse Link     198
Repeater Impact on Coverage and Capacity - Reverse Link     200
Forward Link Analysis     204
Repeater Links Balancing     207
Optimization of the Reverse Link      211
Derivation of the Optimization Equation     211
User-Density-Limited Cells     212
Capacity-Limited Cells     215
Repeater Coverage Overlap with the Donor Cell     217
Coverage Overlap Analysis     217
Coverage Overlap Control     218
Multiple Repeaters     219
"Star" Architecture - Parallel Repeaters     219
Multi-hop Repeater Architecture     222
Comparison of Star and Cascade Repeater Linking     229
RF Distribution Network and the Distributed Antenna     231
Search Windows     232
Repeaters Design and Tuning in CDMA Networks     235
RF Repeaters     235
The Role of RF Repeaters     235
Network Diagram and Signal Flow     235
Repeater Generic Diagram     236
BTS Interface     237
Critical Signal Paths and Parasitic Coupling     239
Signal Distortions     240
Repeater Architecture     241
Governing Parameters and Design Principles     241
Distributed and Unified Repeater Architectures     249
Band-Filtered and Channel-Filtered Repeaters     251
Signal and Interference Budget     252
Gain and Filtering Chain     254
Level and Gain Control     257
Antennas in Repeater Systems     260
Repeater Design     261
Basic Design Rules     261
RF F1/F1 Repeater     274
Optical Fiber Repeater     278
Free-Space Optic Repeater     283
In-Band F1/F2 Repeater     285
Out-of-Band F1/F2 Repeater     291
MW F1/F2 Repeater     292
Repeater Tuning     294
Regulation and Type Approval     296
Regulatory Constraints     296
Type Approval     297
Type Classification     297
Test Parameters     297
Test Subtleties     298
Emission Requirements     299
Backhaul for RF Distributed Radio Access Nodes     303
Analog and Digital Backhauls     303
Analog Backhaul     303
Digital Backhaul     304
Classification of Backhauls     304
Coax     304
Optical Fiber (OF)     304
Free-Space Optics (FSO)     305
In-Band FSR     305
Out-of-Band FSR     305
MW FSR     305
Repeater Backhaul Parameters      306
Introduction     306
Repeater Backhaul Engineering     308
Design Rules     308
Coax Backhaul     310
Optical Fiber Backhaul     311
Free-Space Optic Backhaul (FSO)     316
Radio Point-to-Point Backhauls     319
Backhaul Enhancement by Diversity     321
Backhaul Cost Considerations     322
Cost Contributors     322
Cost     323
Repeater Economics     325
Baseline Networks     325
Network Distribution in Typical Markets     326
Coverage - Capacity Model     327
Repeater Embedded Networks     329
Constituting Relations     329
Relevant Scenarios     330
Cost Constituents     330
Tower Cost     331
Tx Power Cost     332
Backhaul Cost     332
BTS and Repeater Cost     333
Cost Model for Area Coverage     333
Optimal Coverage of a Flat Area     333
Optimal Coverage of a Length of Road     336
Cost Model for Area Coverage by a Cluster of BTSs and Satellite Repeaters     337
Large Area Coverage      337
Supplementary Coverage     338
Summary     338
Advances in CDMA Repeaters     341
Introduction     341
Performance Monitoring and Control     342
Application of a CDMA Modem in the Repeater     342
Stabilization by Gain Control     344
Interference Suppression     345
Digital Repeaters     345
Enhancing Isolation between the Backhaul and Service Antennas by Adaptive Interference Cancellation     346
Adaptive Interference Cancellation     347
Adaptive Cancellation of Radiated Interference     348
Receive Diversity in Repeaters     349
Transmit Diversity in Repeaters     350
Network Parameters Readout from the Wireless Modem     350
Antenna Control     351
Tagging of Repeater-Served STs     351
Location     351
Measurement of Traffic Load through the Repeater     352
Load Balancing between Cells and Sectors     352
High Data Rate Systems     353
Epilog     357
Appendix A
Reverse Link Interference in Heterogeneous Cell Clusters     359
The Ring Model for Other Cells' Interference     359
Introduction      359
The Ring Model     360
The Embedded Microcell Model     363
Appendix B
Evaluation of the Power Rise Equation     369
Appendix C
Orthogonality Factor Through the Cell     373
Scattering and Reflections     373
The Reflection Coefficient F     374
The Population of Contributing Reflectors     376
The Reflection Contributions     377
Orthogonality Factor     379
Unified Factor - Transitions     381
Transition Near-Intermediate Zones     381
Transition Intermediate-Far Zones     382
Appendix D
System Noise and Dynamic Range     383
Noise Figure     383
Definitions     383
System Noise     386
System Sensitivity     388
Dynamic Range     389
Basic NonLinear Model     389
Intermodulation Products     390
System Intercept Point     396
Dynamic Range     399
Beamforming and Combiners     401
Appendix E
Envelope Correlation and Power Correlation in Fading Channels     405
Appendix F
Eigenvalue Analysis of MRC     407
Appendix G
Optimal Sector Beamwidth      409
Model     409
Choice of Antenna Gain Function     410
Total Sector Traffic Power     411
Softer Handoff Boundary     411
Discussion     413
Limits on the Analysis     413
Optimal Beamwidth     413
Effect of the SrHO     413
Appendix H
Cellular Bands and Frequency Allocations     415
About the Authors     417
Index     419