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John M. Murrin studies American colonial and revolutionary history and the early republic. He has edited one multivolume series and five books, including two essay collections, COLONIAL AMERICA: ESSAYS IN POLITICS AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, Sixth Edition (2010), and SAINTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES: ESSAYS IN EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY (1984). His own essays range from ethnic tensions, the early history of trial by jury, the emergence of the legal profession, and the political culture of the colonies and the new nation, to the rise of professional baseball and college football in the nineteenth century. He served as president of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic in 1998-1999.
A specialist in early national social history, Paul E. Johnson is the author of THE EARLY AMERICAN REPUBLIC, 1789-1829 (2006); SAM PATCH, THE FAMOUS JUMPER (2003); A SHOPKEEPERS MILLENNIUM: SOCIETY AND REVIVALS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, 1815-1837, 25th Anniversary Edition (2004); co-author (with Sean Wilentz) of THE KINGDOM OF MATTHIAS: SEX AND SALVATION IN 19TH-CENTURY AMERICA (1994); and editor of AFRICAN-AMERICAN CHRISTIANITY: ESSAYS IN HISTORY (1994). He was awarded the Merle Curti Prize of the Organization of American Historians (1980), the Richard P. McCormack Prize of the New Jersey Historical Association (1989), and fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities (1985-1986), the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation (1995), the Gilder Lehrman Institute (2001) and the National Endowment for the Humanities We the People Fellowship (2006-2007).
James M. McPherson is a distinguished Civil War historian. He won the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for his book BATTLE CRY OF FREEDOM: THE CIVIL WAR ERA. His other publications include MARCHING TOWARD FREEDOM: BLACKS IN THE CIVIL WAR, Second Edition, (1991); ORDEAL BY FIRE: THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION, Third Edition, (2001); ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND THE SECOND AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1991); FOR CAUSE AND COMRADES: WHY MEN FOUGHT IN THE CIVIL WAR (1997), which won the Lincoln Prize in 1998; CROSSROADS OF FREEDOM: ANTIETAM (2002); HALLOWED GROUND: A WALK AT GETTYSBURG (2003); and TRIED BY WAR: ABRAHAM LINCOLN AS COMMANDER IN CHIEF (2008), which won the Lincoln Prize for 2009. Professor McPherson served as president of the American Historical Association (2003-2004).
Gary Gerstle is the James G. Stahlman Professor of American History at Vanderbilt University. A historian of the twentieth-century United States, he is the author, co-author, and co-editor of six books, and the author of more than thirty articles. His books include WORKING-CLASS AMERICANISM: THE POLITICS OF LABOR IN A TEXTILE CITY, 1914-1960 (1989); AMERICAN CRUCIBLE: RACE AND NATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (2001), winner of the Saloutos Prize for the best work in immigration and ethnic history; THE RISE AND FALL OF THE NEW DEAL ORDER, 1930-1980 (1989); and RULING AMERICA: WEALTH AND POWER IN A DEMOCRACY (2005). He has served on the board of editors of both the JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY and the AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW. His honors include a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship, a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship, and membership in the Society of American Historians.
Emily Rosenberg specializes in U.S. foreign relations in the 20th century and is the author of SPREADING THE AMERICAN DREAM: AMERICAN ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL EXPANSION, 1890-1945 (1982); FINANCIAL MISSIONARIES TO THE WORLD: THE POLITICS AND CULTURE OF DOLLAR DIPLOMACY (1999), which won the Ferrell Senior Book Award; and A DATE WHICH WILL LIVE: PEARL HARBOR IN AMERICAN MEMORY (2004). Her other publications include (with Norman L. Rosenberg) IN OUR TIMES: AMERICA SINCE 1945, Seventh Edition (2003), and numerous articles dealing with foreign relations in the context of international finance, American culture, and gender ideology. She has served on the board of the Organization of American Historians, on the board of editors of the JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY, and as president of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations.
Table of Contents
Maps xvii
History through film xvii
To the Student: Why Study History? xix
Preface xxi
Reconstruction, 1863-1877 625
Wartime Reconstruction 625
Chronology 626
Radical Republicans and Reconstruction 627
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 628
Johnson's Policy 629
Southern Defiance 630
The Black Codes 631
Land and Labor in the Postwar South 631
The Freedmen's Bureau 632
Land for the Landless 632
Education 634
The Advent of Congressional Reconstruction 634
Schism between President and Congress 635
The 14th Amendment 635
The 1866 Elections 636
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 636
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 638
The Completion of Formal Reconstruction 539
The 15th Amendment 640
The Election of 1868 640
The Grant Administration 641
Civil Service Reform 642
Foreign Policy Issues 643
Reconstruction in theSouth 644
Blacks in Office 644
"Carpetbaggers" 645
"Scalawags" 646
The Ku Klux Klan 646
History Through Film The Birth of a Nation 648
The Election of 1872 648
The Panic of 1873 650
The Retreat from Reconstruction 650
The Mississippi Election of 1875 652
The Supreme Court and Reconstruction 653
The Election of 1876 653
Disputed Results 654
The Compromise of 1877 655
The End of Reconstruction 656
Conclusion 656
A Transformed Nation: The West and the New South, 1865-1900 659
The Homestead Act 659
Chronology 660
An Industrializing West 661
Railroads 662
Chinese Laborers and the Railroads 663
The Golden Spike 664
Railroads and Borderlands Communities 665
Mining 666
Ranching 667
History Through Film Oklahoma! 668
Cattle Drives and the Open Range 668
The industrialization of Ranching 671
Industrial Cowboys 671
Mexican Americans 671
Itinerant Laborers 672
Homesteading and Farming 673
The Experience of Homesteading 673
Gender and Western Settlement 675
Conquest and Resistance: American Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West 675
Conflict with the Sioux 676
Suppression of Other Plains Indians 677
The "Peace Policy" 678
The Dawes Severalty Act and Indian Boarding Schools 679
The Ghost Dance 680
Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill: Popular Myths of the West 680
Industrialization and the New South 682
Race and Industrialization 683
Southern Agriculture 683
Exodusters and Emigrationists 684
Race Relations in the New South 685
The Emergence of an African American Middle Class 686
The Rise of Jim Crow 686
The Politics of Stalemate 689
Knife-Edge Electoral Balance 689
Civil Service Reform 690
The Tariff Issue 692
Conclusion 692
The Emergence of Corporate America, 1865-1900 695
Chronology 696
An Expansive and Volatile Economy 697
Engines of Economic Growth 698
Technological Innovation and Celebrations of the Machine 699
Changes in Business Organization and Practice 700
Wealth and Society 703
Class Distinction and Cultural Hierarchy 704
The Consolidation of Middle-class Culture 704
White-Collar Workers 705
The Middle-class Home 706
Department Stores as Middle-class Communities of Taste 706
Domesticity vs. Work 707
The Women's Club Movement and Public Lives 708
The New Woman 708
Higher Education and Professional Organizations 709
Middle-class Cultural Institutions 709
Racial Hierarchy and the City: The 1893 Columbian Exhibition 711
The City and Working-class Culture 713
Working-class Women and Men 713
Commercial Amusements 713
Popular Literature 714
Emergence of a National Culture 715
Advertising 715
A Shared Visual Culture 716
Mail-order Catalogues 717
Workers' Resistance to the New Corporate Order 718
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 719
The Knights of Labor 719
Haymarket 720
The Homestead Strike 721
The Depression of 1893-1897 722
The Pullman Strike 723
Farmers' Movements 724
Resistance to Railroads 724
Credit and Money 726
The Greenback and Silver Movements 727
Grangers and the Farmers' Alliance 728
The Rise and Fall of the People's Party 729
The Silver Issue 730
The Election of 1896 731
Conclusion 732
An Industrial Society, 1900-1920 735
Chronology 736
Sources of Economic Growth 736
Technology 737
Corporate Growth 738
Mass Production and Distribution 738
Corporate Consolidation 739
Revolution in Management 740
Scientific Management on the Factory Floor 741
"Robber Barons" No More 744
Obsession with Physical and Racial Fitness 745
Immigration 746
European Immigration 747
Chinese and Japanese Immigration 749
Immigrant Labor 751
Living Conditions 753
Building Ethnic Communities 754
A Network of Institutions 754
The Emergence of an Ethnic Middle Class 754
Political Machines and Organized Crime 756
African American Labor and Community 758
History Through Film The Jazz Singer 760
Workers and Unions 762
Samuel F. Gompers and the AFL 762
"Big Bill" Haywood and the IWW 754
The Joys of the City 766
The New Sexuality and the Rise of Feminism 767
Feminism 767
Conclusion 769
Progressivism 771
Progressivism and the Protestant Spirit 771
Chronology 772
Muckrakers, Magazines, and the Turn toward "Realism" 773
Settlement Houses and Women's Activism 775
Hull House 776
The Cultural Conservatism of Progressive Reformers 778
A Nation of Clubwomen 780
Socialism and Progressivism 781
The Many Faces of Socialism 781
Socialists and Progressives 782
Municipal Reform 783
The City Commission Plan 783
The City Manager Plan 783
The Costs of Reform 784
Political Reform in the States 784
Restoring Sovereignty to "the People" 785
Creating a Virtuous Electorate 785
The Australian Ballot 785
Personal Registration Laws 786
Disenfranchisement 786
Disillusionment with the Electorate 788
Woman Suffrage 788
Economic and Social Reform in the States 789
Robert La Follette and Wisconsin Progressivism 790
Progressive Reform in New York 791
A Renewed Campaign for Civil Rights 792
The Failure of Accommodationism 792
From the Niagara Movement to the NAACP 793
National Reform 795
The Roosevelt Presidency 796
Regulating the Trusts 796
Toward a "Square Deal" 797
Expanding Government Power: The Economy 797
Expanding Government Power: The Environment 797
Progressivism: A Movement for the People? 799
The Republicans: A Divided Party 799
The Taft Presidency 800
Battling Congress 800
The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy 800
Roosevelt's Return 801
The Bull Moose Campaign 802
The Rise of Woodrow Wilson 802
The Election of 1912 803
The Wilson Presidency 804
Tariff Reform and a Progressive Income Tax 804
The Federal Reserve Act 804
From the New Freedom to the New Nationalism 805
Conclusion 807
Becoming a World Power, 1898-1917 809
Chronology 810
The United States Looks Abroad 810
Protestant Missionaries 810
Businessmen 811
Imperialists 812
The Spanish-American War 814
"A Splendid Little War" 817
The United States Becomes a World Power 821
The Debate over the Treaty of Paris 822
The American-Filipino War 823
Controlling Cuba and Puerto Rico 824
China and the "Open Door" 826
Theodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician 828
The Roosevelt Corollary 829
The Panama Canal 829
Keeping the Peace in East Asia 832
William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomat 834
Woodrow Wilson, Struggling Idealist 835
Conclusion 837
War and Society, 1914-1920 839
Europe's Descent into War 840
Chronology 840
American Neutrality 842
Submarine Warfare 843
The Peace Movement 845
Wilson's Vision: "Peace without Victory" 845
German Escalation 847
American Intervention 848
Mobilizing for "Total" War 850
Organizing Industry 851
Securing Workers, Keeping Labor Peace 852
Raising an Army 853
Paying the Bills 856
Arousing Patriotic Ardor 856
Wartime Repression 857
The Failure of the International Peace 861
The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles 861
The League of Nations 862
Wilson versus Lodge: The Fight over Ratification 864
The Treaty's Final Defeat 866
The Postwar Period: A Society in Convulsion 867
Labor-Capital Conflict 867
Radicals and the Red Scare 868
History Through Film Reds 870
Racial Conflict and the Rise of Black Nationalism 871
Conclusion 873
The 1920s 875
Prosperity 875
Chronology 876
A Consumer Society 877
A People's Capitalism 878
The Rise of Advertising and Mass Marketing 878
Changing Attitudes toward Marriage and Sexuality 881
An Age of Celebrity 881
Celebrating Business Civilisation 882
Industrial Workers 883
Women and Work 885
The Women's Movement Adrift 887
The Politics of Business 888
Harding and the Politics of Personal Gain 888
Coolidge and Laissez-Faire Politics 890
Hoover and the Politics of Associationalism 891
The Politics of Business Abroad 892
Farmers, Small-Town Protestants, and Moral Traditionalists 893
Agricultural Depression 894
Cultural Dislocation 895
Prohibition 897
The Ku Klux Klan 897
Immigration Restriction 898
Fundamentalism versus Liberal Protestantism 900
The Scopes Trial 901
History Through Film Inherit the Wind 902
Ethnic and Racial Communities 904
European American Ethnics 905
African Americans 907
The Harlem Renaissance 910
Mexican Americans 911
The "Lost Generation" and Disillusioned Intellectuals 914
Democracy on the Defensive 915
Conclusion 916
The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939 919
Chronology 920
Causes of the Great Depression 920
Stock Market Speculation 921
Mistakes by the Federal Reserve Board 921
An Ill-Advised Tariff 921
A Maldistribution of Wealth 922
Hoover: The Fall of a Self-Made Man 923
Hoover's Program 924
The Bonus Army 925
A Culture in Crisis 926
The Democratic Roosevelt 928
An Early Life of Privilege 928
Roosevelt Liberalism 929
The First New Deal, 1933-1935 929
Saving the Banks 932
Economic Relief 932
Agricultural Reform 933
Industrial Reform 935
Rebuilding the Nation's Infrastructure 937
The TVA Alternative 937
The New Deal and Western Development 938
Political Mobilization, Political Unrest, 1934-1935 940
Populist Critics of the New Deal 941
Labor Protests 942
Anger at the Polls 943
Radical Third Parties 943
The Second New Deal, 1935-1937 944
Philosophical Underpinnings 944
Legislation 945
Victory in 1936: The New Democratic Coalition 945
Rhetoric Versus Reality 947
Men, Women, and Reform 948
Labor in Politics and Culture 952
America's Minorities and the New Deal 954
Eastern and Southern European Ethnics 954
African Americans 954
Mexican Americans 955
American Indians 956
The New Deal Abroad 957
Stalemate, 1937-1940 959
The Court-Packing Fiasco 959
The Recession of 1937-1938 960
Conclusion 960
America during the Second World War 963
The Road to War: Aggression and Response 963
Chronology 964
The Rise of Aggressor States 964
U.S. Neutrality 965
The Mounting Crisis 956
The Outbreak of War in Europe 967
The U.S. Response to War in Europe 968
An "Arsenal of Democracy" 972
Pearl Harbor 973
Fighting the War in Europe 974
Campaigns in North Africa and Italy 976
Operation Overlord 977
The Pacific Theater 979
Seizing the Offensive in the Pacific 979
China Policy 980
U.S. Strategy in the Pacific 980
A New President, the Atomic Bomb, and Japan's Surrender 982
The War at Home: The Economy 985
Government's Role in the Economy 986
Business and Finance 986
The Workforce 988
The Labor Front 990
Assessing Economic Change 991
A New Role for Government? 991
The War at Home: Social Issues and Social Movements 992
Selling the War 992
History Through Film Casablanca 994
Gender Issues 996
Racial Issues 998
Social Movements 1001
Shaping the Peace 1003
International Organizations 1004
Spheres of Interest and Postwar Settlements 1005
Conclusion 1007
The Age of Containment, 1946-1953 1009
Creating a National Security State, 1945-1949 1009
Chronology 1010
Onset of the Cold War 1010
Containment Abroad: The Truman Doctrine 1012
Truman's Loyalty Program 1013
The National Security Act, the Marshall Plan, and the Berlin Crisis 1014
The Election of 1948 1016
The Era of the Korean War, 1949-1952 1018
NATO, China, and the Bomb 1018
NSC-68 1019
The Korean War 1020
Korea and Containment 1022
Pursuing National Security at Home 1025
Anticommunism and the U.S. Labor Movement 1025
HUAC and the Search for Subversives 1026
Targeting Difference 1029
The "Great Fear" 1030
McCarthyism 1032
The National Security Constitution 1033
Truman's Fair Deal 1034
The Employment Act of 1946 and the Promise of Economic Growth 1034
Shaping the Fair Deal 1036
Civil Rights 1038
Signs of a Changing Culture 1040
The Baseball "Color Line" 1040
New Suburban Developments 1042
Postwar Hollywood 1044
From Truman to Eisenhower 1046
The Election of 1952 1047
A Soldier-Politician 1047
Conclusion 1048
Affluence and Its Discontents, 1953-1963 1051
Foreign Policy, 1953-1960 1051
Eisenhower Takes Command 1051
Chronology 1052
The New Look, Global Alliances, and Summitry 1054
Covert Action and Economic Leverage 1056
The United States and Third World Politics, 1953-1960 1057
Latin America 1057
The Middle East, Asia, and Africa 1058
Vietnam 1059
Affluence: A "People of Plenty" 1060
Economic Growth 1061
Highways and Waterways 1063
Labor-Management Accord 1064
Political Pluralism 1066
A Religious People 1066
Discontents of Affluence 1068
Conformity in an Affluent Society 1069
Restive Youth 1070
The Mass Culture Debate 1072
Changing Gender Politics 1073
The New Suburbs and Gender Ideals 1073
Signs of Women's Changing Roles 1075
The Fight against Discrimination, 1953-1960 1076
The Brown Cases, 1954-1955 1076
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and Martin Luther King, Jr. 1079
The Politics of Civil Rights: From the Local to the Global 1080
American Indian Policy 1082
The Growth of Spanish-Speaking Populations 1083
Urban-Suburban Issues 1085
Debating the Role of Government, 1955-1960 1086
The New Conservatives 1086
Advocates of a More Active Government 1088
The Kennedy Years: Foreign Policy 1091
The Election of 1960 1091
Kennedy's Foreign Policy Goals 1093
Cuba and Berlin 1093
Southeast Asia and "Flexible Response" 1095
The Kennedy Years: Domestic Policy 1096
Policy Making During the Early 1960s 1097
The Civil-Rights Movement, 1960-1963 1097
Women's Issues 1099
The Assassination of John F. Kennedy 1100
Conclusion 1100
America during Its Longest War, 1963-1974 1103
The Great Society 1103
Chronology 1104
Closing the New Frontier 1105
The Election of 1964 1107
Lyndon Johnson's Great Society 1109
Evaluating the Great Society 1110
Escalation in Vietnam 1112
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1112
The War Continues to Widen 1114
The Media and the War 1117
The War at Home 1118
The Movement of Movements 1118
Movements on College Campuses: A New Left 1120
The Counterculture 1122
African American Social Movements 1124
History Through Film Malcolm X 1124
The Antiwar Movement 1129
1968 1132
Turmoil in Vietnam 1132
Turmoil at Home 1133
The Election of 1968 1135
The Nixon Years, 1969-1974 1136
Lawbreaking and Violence 1135
A New President 1137
The Economy 1137
Social Policy 1138
Environmentalism 1140
Controversies over Rights 1140
Foreign Policy under Nixon and Kissinger 1143
Detente and Normalization 1144
Vietnamization 1144
The Aftermath of War 1146
Expanding the Nixon Doctrine 1147
The Wars of Watergate 1148
The Election of 1972 1149
Nixon Pursued 1150
Nixon's Final Days 1151
Conclusion 1152
Power and Politics, 1974-1992 1155
The Caretaker Presidency of Gerald Ford (1974-1977) 1155
Chronology 1156
Trying to Whip Inflation 1157
Foreign Policy 1157
The Election of 1976 1158
Jimmy Carter's One-Term Presidency (1977-1981) 1158
Welfare and Energy Initiatives 1159
A Faltering Economy 1160
Negotiating Disputes Overseas 1161
Campaigning for Human Rights Abroad 1161
Confronting Problems in Iran and Afghanistan 1162
A New Right 1163
Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) 1165
The Election of 1980 1166
A "New Morning in America" 1167
Taxes, Supply-Side Economics, and the "Reagan Revolution" 1168
Cutting Regulations and Welfare Measures 1170
Routing the Democrats, 1984 1172
Reagan's Second Term 1173
History Through Film the First Moviestar President 1174
Renewing the Cold War 1176
The Defense Buildup 1176
Deploying Military Power 1177
The Iran-Contra Controversy 1178
The Beginning of the End of the Cold War 1179
The First Bush Presidency (1989-1993) 1180
The Election of 1988 1180
The End of the Cold War 1181
The Persian Gulf War 1183
The Election of 1992 1184
Movement Activism 1185
Women's Issues 1187
Sexual Politics 1189
Race, Ethnicity, and Social Activism 1191
Activism Among African Americans 1192
Activism Among American Indians 1193
Activism in Spanish-Speaking Communities 1195
Activism Among Asian Americans 1198
The Dilemmas of Antidiscrimination Efforts 1199
Conclusion 1201
Economic, Social, and Cultural Change in the Late 20th Century 1203
A Changing People 1203
An Aging, Shifting Population 1203
Chronology 1204
New Immigration 1206
The Metropolitan Nation 1209
Economic Change 1211
New Technologies 1211
Big Business 1212
Postindustrial Restructuring 1213
The Sports-Entertainment Complex 1216
Media and Popular Culture 1219
The Video Revolution 1219
The "New Hollywood" 1220
The Changing Media Environment 1222
The New Mass Culture Debate 1223
Another "Great Awakening" 1225
Conclusion 1229
Politics of Hope and Fear, 1993-2007 1231
The Presidency of Bill Clinton (1993-2001) 1231
Clinton's First Two Years 1232
Chronology 1232
A Republican Congress, a Democratic White House 1233
Victory and Impeachment 1235
Environmental Policy 1237
Post-Cold War Foreign Policy 1238
Globalization 1240
The Presidency of George W. Bush (2001-2007) 1241
The Long Election 1241
A Conservative Domestic Agenda 1243
Foreign Policy Changes Course 1244
Activism at Home during the Second Term 1249
The Politics of National Security during the Second Term 1253
Conclusion 1257
Appendix A-1
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1