Table of Contents
Part I Contexts of Development: A Transactional Approach
Introduction to Part I Perspectives on Development 3
The Maturational Perspective 3
The Transactional Model of Development 4
Developmental Pathways and Intervention 4
Chapter 1 Attachment as a Context of Development 7
How Attachment Develops 8
Functions of Attachment 8
Patterns of Attachment 11
Attachment Classifications 12
Attachment, Class, and Culture 19
The Universality of Attachment 21
Attachment and Future Development 21
Parental Models of Attachment 24
Attachment Theory and Family Systems Theory 28
The Attachment Perspective in the Assessment of Young Children 29
Kelly and Her Mother: A Case Example 30
Chapter 2 Brain Development 39
Sequence of Brain Development 40
Early Brain Growth: Synaptogenesis and Myelination 40
Synaptic Overproduction and Pruning 42
Plasticity and Experience 43
Bonding, Attachment, and Brain Development 43
Mirror Neurons and the Social Brain 45
Can Parents Build Better Brains? 46
Risk and Protective Factors Influencing Brain Development 47
Stress, Trauma, and Brain Development 49
Early Trauma and Brain Development 51
Studies of Institutionally Deprived Young Children 56
Chapter 3 Risk and Protective Factors: The Child, Family, and Community Contexts 60
Research on Risk and Resilience 60
Protective Factors and Processes 61
Risk Factors 65
Conclusion 101
Appendix 3.1 Summary of Risk and Protective Factors 103
Chapter 4 Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors: Practice Applications 105
How to Use Risk Factor Analysis 105
Prediction of Risk: Assessing Current Risk and Protective Factors 106
Retrospective Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors 116
Part II The Course of Child Development
Introduction to Part II A Developmental Lens on Childhood 127
Barriers to Understanding the Child's Perspective 127
Dynamics of Developmental Change 129
Interactions between Maturation and Environment 129
Thinking Developmentally in Assessment and Intervention 130
Organization of Developmental Chapters 130
Chapter 5 Infant Development 131
The Interaction between Maturation and Caregiving 131
Brain Development: The Importance of Early Experience 132
Metaphors of Infant-Parent Transactions 132
Caregivers' Adaptations to Developmental Change 133
The Neonatal Period: Birth-4 Weeks 134
Age 1-3 Months 137
Age 3-6 Months 142
A Normal Infant and a Competent Parent: A Case Example 147
Age 6-12 Months 149
Appendix 5.1 Summary of Infant Development, Birth-12 Months of Age 160
Chapter 6 Practice with Infants 163
Assessment Issues 164
Assessment and Brief Interventions with an Infant and Her Family: A Case Example 168
Observation Exercises 183
Chapter 7 Toddler Development 185
Physical Development 186
Attachment and Secure Base Behavior 186
Cognitive Development 192
Language and Communication 193
Symbolic Communication and Play 200
Regulation of Emotion and Behavior 203
Moral Development 209
The Developing Self 215
Appendix 7.1 Summary of Toddler Development, 1-3 Years of Age 222
Chapter 8 Practice with Toddlers 225
Assessment 225
Assessment of Toddler Development: A Case Example 230
Intervention: Parent-Child Therapy 244
Parent-Child Therapy with an Abused Toddler: A Case Example 247
Observation Exercises 249
Interview Exercises 250
Chapter 9 Preschool Development 251
Physical Development 252
Attachment 254
Social Development 256
Language Development 262
Symbolic Communication and Play 267
Cognitive Development 270
Regulation of Emotion and Behavior 279
Moral Development 287
The Developing Self 294
Appendix 9.1 Summary of Preschool Development, 3-6 Years of Age 300
Chapter 10 Practice with Preschoolers 304
Assessment 304
Child Care Consultation with a Preschool Child: A Case Example 305
Intervention with Preschoolers: Play Therapy 310
Using Play in the Treatment of Preschoolers 312
Medical Treatment as a Developmental Interference 313
Play Therapy with a Preschool Child: A Case Example 315
Observation Exercise 326
Chapter 11 Middle Childhood Development 327
Physical Development 328
The Transition from Preschool to Middle Childhood 329
Attachment 334
Social Development 336
Language and Communication 344
Play and Fantasy 347
Cognitive Development 350
Self-Regulation 358
Moral Development 365
Sense of Self 367
Toward Adolescence 378
Appendix 11.1 Summary of Middle Childhood Development, 6-12 Years of Age 380
Chapter 12 Practice with School-Age Children 384
Assessment 384
Intervention 393
Working to Master the Trauma of Repeated Abuse: A Case Example 398
Using Developmental Strengths: A Case Example 406
Observation Exercises 414
Chapter 13 Conclusion: Developmental Knowledge and Practice 415
Applying Practice Knowledge and Skills 416
Ever-Present Complications in Practice 417
Intervention and Developmental Outcome 419
References 421
Index 481