Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xxi
Foreword xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Chipless RFID 1
1.2 Chipless RFID Tag Reader 6
1.3 Executive Summaries 7
1.3.1 Operating Principle of Chipless RFID Systems 7
1.3.2 Reader Architecture for Chipless RFID Systems 8
1.3.3 Physical Layer Development of Chipless RFID Tag Readers 9
1.4 Conclusion 11
Questions 12
Qualitative and Descriptive Questions 12
Numerical Questions 13
References 13
Chapter 2 Chipless RFID System Operating Principles 15
2.1 Chipless RFID Tags 15
2.1.1 Time Domain (TD) Based Chipless RFID Tags 16
2.1.2 Frequency Domain Based Tags 20
2.1.3 Image Based Tags 28
2.1.4 Hybrid Domain Chipless RFID Tags 29
2.1.5 Summary of the Review of Chipless RFID Tags 30
2.2 Multiresonator Based Chipless RFID Tag 31
2.2.1 Operating Principle for Reading of Multiresonator Based Chipless RFID Tags 33
2.3 Methods for Reading RFID Tags 35
2.3.1 Reading Time Domain Based Chipless RFID Tags 36
2.3.2 Reading Frequency Domain Based Chipless RFID Tags 36
2.3.3 Reading Hybrid Domain Based Chipless RFID Tags 37
2.3.4 SAR Based Reading Process 37
2.4 Conclusion 38
Questions 39
References 39
Chapter 3 Chipless RFID Readers 43
3.1 Introduction to Chipless RFID Readers 43
3.2 Chipless RFID Reader System Architectures 44
3.2.1 General Overview of Chipless RFID Reader Architecture 44
3.3 Chipless RFID Readers and Tag Reading Techniques 47
3.3.1 Time Domain Readers and Tag Reading Techniques 48
3.3.2 Frequency Domain Readers and Tag Reading Techniques 50
3.3.3 Hybrid Domain Readers and Tag Reading Techniques 56
3.3.4 SAR Based Readers and Tag Reading Techniques 57
3.4 Limitations and Issues with Current Chipless RFID Readers 60
3.4.1 Cost of Readers 60
3.4.2 Read Range 61
3.4.3 Tag Reading Speed 61
3.4.4 Anticollision, Error Correction, and Data Integrity 62
3.4.5 Orientation of the Tag 63
3.5 Conclusion 63
Questions 63
References 64
Chapter 4 Frequency Domain Based RFID Reader Development 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.1.1 Organization of This Chapter 67
4.2 Operation of Frequency Domain Based Chipless RFID Readers 69
4.2.1 Detecting the Features of the Frequency Signatures of Chipless Tags: Type-1 Readers 71
4.2.2 Recovering the Frequency Signature of Chipless Tags: Type-2 Readers 76
4.3 Design of Frequency Domain Based Chipless RFID Readers 81
4.3.1 Design of a Reader That Detects the Features of Frequency Signatures of Chipless RFID Tags 81
4.3.2 Design of a Reader That Recovers the Frequency Signatures of Chipless RFID Tags 82
4.4 Results 86
4.4.1 Results: Detecting the Features of Frequency Signatures 86
4.4.2 Results: Recovering the Frequency Signature of Chipless RFID Tags 88
4.5 Conclusion 88
Questions 90
References 91
Chapter 5 Time Domain Based Chipless RFID Reader 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 Theory of Operation of a Time Domain Based Chipless RFID Reader 96
5.2.1 Generation of UWB Short Pulses 96
5.2.2 UWB Short Pulse Based Interrogation 100
5.3 Design of UWB TD Based Chipless RFID Reader 105
5.3.1 Simulation Setup in Agilent ADS2009 106
5.4 Results 110
5.4.1 Discussion of Results 111
5.5 Conclusion 115
Questions 117
References 118
Chapter 6 Hybrid Chipless RFID Reader 121
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Frequency-Phase Based System 125
6.2.1 Working Principle of the Encoding Element 125
6.2.2 Hybrid Frequency-Phase Chipless RFID Based on C-Sections 127
6.2.3 Chipless RFID Reader for Hybrid Frequency-Phase Chipless RFID 128
6.3 Frequency-Polarization Based System 131
6.3.1 Resonant and Polarization Characteristics of the Split-Ring Resonator 131
6.3.2 Encoding Information in a SRR Based Frequency-Polarization Tag 132
6.3.3 Chipless RFID Reader for Hybrid Frequency-Polarization Based Chipless RFID 134
6.4 Frequency-Time Based System 136
6.4.1 Group Delay Based Frequency-Time Hybrid Chipless RFID 136
6.4.2 Non-Group-Delay Based Approaches for Hybrid Frequency-Time Chipless RFID 141
6.4.3 Chipless RFID Reader for Hybrid Frequency-Time Based Chipless RFID 142
6.5 Conclusion 143
Questions 144
Reference 145
Chapter 7 Antennas for Chipless RFID Readers 147
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Antenna Parameters 151
7.3 Review of UWB Antennas 155
7.4 Practical Design Procedure for UWB Antennas 157
7.5 UWB Antenna Development 159
7.5.1 UWB Disk-Loaded Monopole Antennas 159
7.5.2 UWB Dipole Array Antennas 165
7.5.3 Log-Periodic Dipole Antennas 176
7.5.4 Log-Periodic Dipole Array Antennas 180
7.5.5 UWB Horn Antennas 191
7.6 Applications 200
7.6.1 Disk-Loaded Monopoles as Reader Antennas 200
7.6.2 Elliptical Leaf Dipole Arrays as Reader Antennas 200
7.6.3 LPDAAs as Reader Antennas 201
7.6.4 Horns as Reader Antennas 201
7.7 Conclusion 201
Questions 202
References 204
Chapter 8 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Active and Passive Components 207
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Passive Components 208
8.2.1 Antennas 208
8.2.2 Filters 209
8.2.3 Couplers 215
8.2.4 Circulators 217
8.2.5 Power Divider/Combiner 218
8.2.6 Resonators 221
8.2.7 Mixers 224
8.3 Active Components 227
8.3.1 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 227
8.3.2 Low-Noise Amplifiers 233
8.4 Discussion and Conclusions 234
Questions 236
References 237
Chapter 9 Digital Module for Chipless RFID Readers 239
9.1 Introduction 239
9.2 Digital Control Board 242
9.2.1 Power Supply Unit 243
9.2.2 IR Tag Sensor 243
9.2.3 RF Power Supply Control Switch 246
9.2.4 VCO Control Voltage Generator 246
9.3 Digital Signal Processing Board 247
9.4 Middleware 249
9.5 Performance of Digital Control Section 251
9.6 Conclusion 252
Questions 253
References 253
Chapter 10 RFID Reader System Integration and Applications 257
10.1 Introduction 257
10.2 The Integrated Chipless RFID Reader 259
10.3 Specifications of a Generic Chipless RFID Reader 259
10.3.1 Chipless RFID Tag 260
10.3.2 Reading Techniques 260
10.3.3 Reader Device 264
10.3.4 Application Software 267
10.4 Applications 268
10.4.1 Conveyer Belt Application 269
10.4.2 Vehicle Tracking 270
10.5 Conclusion 273
Questions 273
References 274
List of Acronyms 277
Glossary 281
About the Authors 287
Index 289
