Circular Steel Production: Pathways to Net-Zero Carbon Emissions

by Sandra Kiessling, Hamidreza Gohari Darabkhani, Abdel-Hamid Soliman

Overview

State-of-the-art, multidisciplinary guide delivering pathways to net-zero carbon emissions in steel production and circular resource flow through the Bio Steel Cycle

Circular Steel Production introduces the concept of the Bio Steel Cycle, exploring several innovative research directions in the field of carbon avoidance, utilization, and sequestration of carbon emissions in steel manufacturing. Carbon emission avoidance and reduction processes and projects are investigated in great detail within the workings of the Bio Steel Cycle model, covering technologies such as Geomimetic, GrInHy2.0, H2Future, HYBRIT, ULCOWIN, DAC, CEPS, COREX, MIDREX, TGRBF, HISARNA, Everest, ReclaMet, Athos, HDR/HDRI, and many others.

The circular flow of various resources as one of the key elements of the Bio Steel Cycle are explained in detail, with approximately 50 different methods summarized, along with skill sets required for effective implementation of these methods. Most of the green steel projects within the EU and beyond which are currently underway are also commented upon. The opportunities for green steel (by country) are discussed in some detail, as well as the nationally determined contributions, the effects of implemented policy and decarbonisation efforts.

Written by a team of experts with many years of industry experience, Circular Steel Production provides in-depth coverage of topics including:

• Raw materials including iron ore, coal, and lime, and blast furnace, oxygen furnace, and electric arc furnace operation and the level of CO2 emissions along the production pathway for each resource required for the steelmaking process
• Anaerobic digestion, sewage treatment, and geothermal units, CO2 avoidance, capture, and utilisation mechanisms, and renewable energy technology utilization
• Wind, solar, and hydro power, biogas, biomass, and hydrogen, and the opportunities of greater energy independence via sustainable steel production
• The future of green steel in various countries including the UK, the USA, Brazil, and India
• Ideal timeline of possible adoption of the Bio Steel Cycle model and strategy in the realms of politics, investments, and infrastructure

Circular Steel Production is an essential forward-thinking reference on the subject for professionals in the steel and manufacturing industries, academia, materials scientists, environmental chemists, engineers and engineering students, and metallurgists.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9783527353156
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	01/20/2026
Pages:	464
Product dimensions:	6.69(w) x 9.61(h) x (d)

About the Author

Dr. Sandra Kiessling is an environmental consultant focused on decarbonising production and supporting UK and international businesses in achieving the NDCs (nationally determined contributions) in accordance with the Paris Agreement 2016. She is also involved in Net Zero projects with the Department of Engineering, University of Staffordshire, UK.

Hamidreza Gohari Darabkhani is a professor of low carbon and renewable energy systems at the University of Staffordshire, UK, researching carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies and integration of renewable fuels in Micro Gas Turbine (MGT) and Micro-CHP systems.

Abdel-Hamid Soliman is a professor at the University of Staffordshire, UK. He is also involved in several enterprise projects and consultancy activities for national and international companies.

Table of Contents

1: HISTORY OF STEELMAKING
1.1 How it all began
1.2 First attempts at steelmaking
1.3 Steelmaking process evolution

2: STEELMAKING PROCESSES
2.1 Raw Materials
2.2 Physical chemistry of ironmaking
2.3 Physical chemistry of steelmaking
2.4 Coke Making
2.5 Sintering
2.6 Blast Furnace
2.7 Basic Oxygen Furnace
2.8 Electric Arc Furnace
2.9 Smelting Reduction
2.10 Efficiency improvements
2.11 Improvements in energy consumption and production
2.12 CO2 reduction techniques

3: INTRODUCTION TO THE BIO STEEL CYCLE
3.1 BF/BOF route carbon capture
3.2 BF/BOF off-heat utilisation
3.3 Renewable energy technologies
3.4 DAC Woodlands
3.5 CEPS
3.6 Geomimetic® Process
3.7 Anaerobic digestion, sewage treatment
3.8 Biogas, biomass and hydrogen
3.9 CAT, CCS and CCUS

4: THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE BISC
4.1 Introducing the BiSC key components for net-zero carbon steel manufacturing
4.2 BF/BOF route carbon capture
4.3 BF/BOF off-heat utilisation
4.4 Renewable energy technologies
4.5 DAC Woodlands
4.6 CEPS
4.7 Geomimetic® Process
4.8 Anaerobic digestion, sewage treatment
4.9 Biogas, biomass and hydrogen
4.10 Decarbonisation of the steel industry: CAT, CCS and CCUS technologies

5: SEVEN STEPS OF IMPLEMENTING THE BISC
5.1 Step 1 -
Switching to green energy providers
5.2 Step 2 -
Installing renewable energy technology
5.3 Step 3 -
Replacing coal & coke with biomass
5.4 Step 4 -
Installation of carbon capture flue stack filters
5.5 Step 5 -
Utilisation of captured carbon in concrete & food production
5.6 Step 6 -
Process improvement in steel manufacturing
5.7 Step 7 -
Biogas from anaerobic digestion

6: THE CARBON AVOIDING, SAVING AND REDUCING EFFECTS OF THE BISC KEY COMPONENTS
6.1 BF/BOF route carbon capture
6.2 BF/BOF off-heat utilisation
6.3. Renewable energy technologies
6.4 DAC Woodlands
6.5 CEPS
6.6 Geomimetic® Process
6.7 Anaerobic digestion, sewage treatment
6.8 Biogas, biomass and hydrogen
6.9 CAT, CCS and CCUS

7 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES TO AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE BISC CONCEPT IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 Challenges
7.2 Opportunities

8: MACRO AND MICRO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BISC CONCEPT
8.1 Policy
8.2 Markets analysis

9: SKILLS SETS REQUIRED WITHIN THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS AND SECTORS
9.1 Solar
9.2 Wind
9.3 Hydro
9.4 Geothermal
9.5 Green Hydrogen
9.6 Infrastructural Civil Engineering to create required networks

10: THE FUTURE OF GREEN STEEL
10.1 EU
10.2 US
10.3 Brazil
10.4 Russia
10.5 India
10.6 China
10.7 Australia
10.8 Canada
10.9 UK
10.10 Norway

11 AN IDEALISED TIMELINE OF POSSIBILITIES
11.1 Political and legislative
11.2 All-encompassing industrial response
11.3 Investment in people
11.4 Infrastructural improvement

12 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUGGESTIONS
12.1 Recognition of contemporary issues
12.2 Initiatives to remedy the damage caused by industry
12.3 CO2 free steel production is possible